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Embryology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a summary for the development of the respiratory system?

A

1) Tubular outgrowth from foregut (oesophagus)
2) This outgrowth will develop into the trachea and lung buds
3) Trachea will seperate from oesophagus and lung buds will proliferate
4) Proliferating lung buds will invaginate laterally into the pleural cavities, so forming visceral and parietal pleural and the pleural cavity
5) Meanwhile, transverse septal ‘shelf’ will begin to develop between thorax and abdomen, below the pleural cavities
6) This shelf is composed of 4 components, which fuse to form the diaphragm
7) But sometimes things go wrong with the embryonic tracheal, lung and diaphragmatic formation which results in congenital abnormalities

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2
Q

When does folding of the embryo occur?

A

Week 3

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3
Q

What does folding give rise to?

A

Gut tube

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4
Q

What does the gut tube form from?

A

Endoderm

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5
Q

What does the trachea and lungs form from?

A

Foregut

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6
Q

What is step 1 in development of the respiratory system?

A

Development of the trachea and the lungs

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7
Q

When does development of the trachea and the lungs occur?

A

Week 4 of gestation

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8
Q

Where does the development of the trachea and lungs begin from?

A

Ventral wall of foregut

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9
Q

What is A?

A

Hindgut

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10
Q

What is B?

A

Yolk sac

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11
Q

What is C?

A

Foregut

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12
Q

What is D?

A

Primitive gut

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13
Q

What is E?

A

Notochord

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14
Q

What is F?

A

Neural tube

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15
Q

What is the process of the development of the trachea and lungs?

A

1) Respiratory primordium starts as a median outgrowth (diverticulum) - laryngotracheal groove - from vental part of the foregut
2) Diverticulum (part of endoderm) becomes invested (covered) with mesoderm on its outside and enlarges to form trachea and lung buds
3) A septum (oesophagotracheal septum) develops between the oesophagus and trachea, completely seperating them

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16
Q

What is the diverticulum part of?

A

Endoderm

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17
Q

What does the diverticulum become covered by to form the trachea and lung buds?

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

What is the median outgrowth called that goes on to form the trachea and lung buds?

A

Laryngotracheal groove (diverticulum)

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19
Q

What septum develops between the oesophagus and trachea to completely seperate them?

A

Oesophagotracheal septum

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20
Q

When is the development of the trachea and lung buds completed?

A

Week 8

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21
Q

What sometimes happens to the oesophagotracheal septum?

A

It does not completely seperate the trachea and the oesophagus

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22
Q

What are examples of diseases due to the septum not completely seperating the trachea and oesophagus?

A

Fistula

Atresia

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23
Q

What is a fistula?

A

Abnormal or surgically made passage between a tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs

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24
Q
A
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25
What is an abnormal or surgically made passage between a tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs called?
Fistula
26
What is an atresia?
A condition in which an orifice or passage in the body (usually abnormal) is closed or absent
27
What is the condition in which an orifice or passage in the body (usually abnormal) is closed or absent called?
Atresia
28
What stage is after the development of the trachea and lung buds (stage2)?
Development of the pleural cavities and pleurae
29
What is the process for the development of the pleural cavities and the pleurae?
1) As the lungs develop they acquire a layer of visercal pleura from the splanchnic mesoderm 2) The thoracic wall becomes lined by a lyer of parietal pleura, derived from somatic mesoderm 3) Gap between parietal and visceral pleurae called pleuroperitoneal canals (eventually becomes pleural cavities) 4) Pleuropericardial folds form around primitive heart deperating pleural cavities from pericardial cavity
30
What does the visceral and parietal pleura develop from?
Splanchnic mesoderm
31
What develops into the pleural cavity?
Pleuroperitoneal canals
32
What does the pleuroperitoneal canals eventually develop into?
Pleural cavities
33
How is the pleural cavities seperated from the pericardial cavity?
Pleuropericardial folds form around primitive heart
34
What happens after the pleural membranes have formed?
They differentiate: 1) Lung buds punch into the visceral mesoderm 2) Mesoderm which covers the outside of the lung develops in the visceral pleural 3) Somatic mesoderm covering the body wall from the inside becomes the pleura, with the space between ebing the pleural cavity
35
What happens after the differentiation of the pleura?
Differentiation of the lung buds
36
What stages can the foetal period be divided into?
Pseudoglandular stage (7-17 weeks) Canalicular stage (17-27 weeks) Saccular stage (27-40 weeks)
37
When is the pseudoglandular stage from?
7-17 weeks
38
When is the canalicular stage from?
17-27 weeks
39
When is the saccular stage from?
27-40 weeks
40
What happens during the pseudoglandular stage?
Setup of all pulmonary structures except elements needed for gas exchange
41
What happens during the canalicular stage?
Terminal bronchioles give rise to tubular tubes that make up respiratory part of the lung Differentiation of epithelium into type II pneumocytes which will synthesis surfactant and flat cell type I pneumocytes
42
What happens during the saccular stage?
Formation of alveolar sacs Alveolar sacs progressively divide into smaller subunits leading to the formation of the alveoli
43
What stage is the postnatal period composed of?
Alveolar stage
44
When is the alveolar stage from?
Week 32 to 8 years
45
What happens during the alveolar stage?
Formation of alveoli from terminal sacs 95% off adult-like alveoli formed postnatally Alveoli enlarge Number of respiratory bronchioles (and alveoli) increase as lungs enlarge, by age 8 number of alveoli reaches adult number (about 300 million)
46
What percentage of adult like alveoli form postnatally?
95%
47
By what age do you have your adult number of alveoli?
Age 8
48
How much alveoli do you have by age 8?
About 300 million
49
What does congenital conditions mean?
Present at birth
50
What is a condition present at birth called?
Congenital
51
What are examples of congenital conditions?
Surfactant and respiratory distress syndrome Accessory lobes Lobe of azygos vein Ageneis of lung
52
What does RDS stand up for?
Respiratory distress syndrome
53
What is respiratory distress syndrome also known as?
Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
54
What does HMD stand up for?
Hyaline membrane disease
55
What percentage of neonatal disease does respiratory distress syndrome make up?
30%
56
What is the major cause of respiratory distress syndrome?
Surfactant deficiency
57
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
Babies lungs are not fully developed and cannot provide enough oxygen
58
What are accessory lobes?
Additional lobes
59
What are additional lobes called?
Accessory lobes
60
What is lobe of azygos vein?
Laterally displaced azygos vein creates a deep pleural fissure onto the right upper lobe
61
What is it called when a latterally displaced azygos vein creates a deep pleural fissure onto the right upper lobe?
Lobe of azygos vein
62
What is ageneis of the lung?
Unilateral or bilateral absence of lung tissue
63
What is unilateral or bilateral absence of lung tissue called?
Ageneis of the lung
64
What occurs after differentiation of the lung buds (step 4)?
Development of the diaphragm
65
What are the 4 surrounding embryonic structures that develop into the diaphragm?
Septum transversum Pleuroperitoneal membranes Dorsal mesentery of oesophagus Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls
66
What does the septum transversum become?
Central tendon
67
What develops into the central tendon?
Septum transversum
68
What does the pleuroperitoneal membranes become?
Primitive diaphragm
69
What is the primitive diaphragm developed from?
Pleuroperitoneal membranes
70
What does the dorsal mesentery of oesophagus become?
Median portion and crura of diaphragm
71
What develops into the median portion and crura of the diaphragm?
Dorsal mesentery of oesophagus
72
What does the muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls develop into?
Peripheral parts of the diaphragm
73
What develops into the peripheral parts of the diaphragm?
Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls
74
Where is the septum transversum initially location?
Opposite C3-C5 somites (week 3)
75
When is the septum transversum location opposite C3-5 somites?
Week 3
76
What does the septum transversum do during the development of the diaphragm?
Migrates from C3-5, bringing down the spinal nerves with it (phrenic nerves)
77
What nerve supplies the diaphragm?
Phrenic (C3-5)
78
What congenital abnormalities can occur during the development of the diaphragm?
Failure of the diaphragm to completely close during development Herniation of the abdominal contents into the chest Pulmonary hypoplasia
79
What is pulmonary hypoplasia?
Incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in a low number of bronchopulmonary segments
80
What is incomplete development of the lung, resulting in a low number of bronchopulmonary segments known as?
Pulmonary hypoplasia
81
What is a hernia?
General term used to describe a bulge or protrusion of an organ through a structure or muscle that usually contains it
82
What are some examples of different kinds of hernia?
Posterolateral hernia Anterior hernia Central hernia
83
What is A?
Posteolateral hernia
84
What is B?
Anterior hernia
85
What is C?
Central hernia
86
What is a hiatal hernia?
Upper part of your stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm
87
What is it called when the upper part of your stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm?
Hiatal hernia
88
What are examples of hiatal hernia?
Sliding hiatus hernia Paraeosophageal hiatus hernia
89
What is A?
Sliding hiatus hernia
90
What is B?
Paraeosophageal hiatus hernia

Respiratory System (37 decks)

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