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Respiratory System > Embryology 1 > Flashcards

Embryology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different phases of embryology?

A

Pre-embryonic phase (0-3 weeks)

Embryonic phase (4-8 weeks)

Foetal phase (9-40 weeks)

Postnatal

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2
Q

What does the pre-embryonic phase last between?

A

0-3 weeks

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3
Q

What does the embryonic phase last between?

A

4-8 weeks

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4
Q

What does the foetal phase last between?

A

9-40 weeks

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5
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Process by which a haploid spermatozoa develops from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis

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6
Q

What is the process by which a haploid spermatozoa develops from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis called?

A

Spermatogenesis

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7
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Process of development of ova that takes place in the ovaries

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8
Q

What is the process of development of ova that takes place in the ovaries known as?

A

Oogenesis

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9
Q

What is produced during spermatogenesis?

A

4 spermatozoa (sperm) are produced from one spermatogonium

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10
Q

What is produced during oogenesis?

A

1 ova and 3 polar bodies are produced from one oogonium

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11
Q

What is spermatogonium?

A

Cell produced at an early stage in the formation of spermatozoa

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12
Q

What is the precurser for spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonium

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13
Q

What is oogonium?

A

Immature female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis which go on to produce ova by meiosis

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14
Q

What is the precruser of oogenesis?

A

Oogonium

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15
Q

How many chromosomes do spermatogonium and oogonium have?

A

46 chromosomes

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16
Q

How does each sperm and ova compared to other sperm and ova?

A

Each one is genetically unique

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17
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

Several sperm surrounds the ovum, where one penetrates and its nucleus enters and fuses with the nucleus of the ovum to give a diploid cell called the zygote

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18
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilised ovum

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19
Q

What happens during week 1 of the pre-embryonic phase?

A

Zygote is formed and divides to form a blastocyst

Blastocyst moves through uterine tube to reach uterine cavity

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

During what week is the zygote formed and divides to form a blastocyst?

A

Week 1

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22
Q

During what week does the blastocyst move through the uterine tube to reach the uterine cavity?

A

Week 1

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23
Q

How many chromosomes does a zygote have?

A

46 (diploid)

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24
Q

Why is each zygote genetically unique?

A

23 of mothers chromosomes and 23 of fathers chromosomes

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25
Q

Where does a zygotes mitochondria and cell organelles originate from?

A

Mother

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26
Q

What does a zygote divide to form?

A

Morula by dividing by mitosis

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27
Q

What is a morula?

A

Solid ball of cells

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28
Q

What does mitochondria being inherited from the mother mean in terms of genetic disease?

A

Mitochondrial genetic diseases cannot be inherited from the father

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29
Q

What is an example of a mitochondrial disease?

A

Leber’s disease

Hereditary optic neuropathy which leads to blindness

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30
Q

What is Leber’s disease?

A

Hereditary optic neuropathy which leads to blindness

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31
Q

What occurs during the development of the blastocyst from the morula?

A

1) As the number and size of cells increase getting nutrition to the central core of the cells becomes difficult
2) Cavity develops called the blastocystic cavity
3) Cells accumulate at one end to form an inner cell mast
4) Outer lining of cells is called the trophoblast

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32
Q

What is the cavity in a blastocyst called?

A

Blastocystic cavity

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33
Q

What is the outer lining of a blastocyst called?

A

Trophoblast

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34
Q

What does the zygote do once it is formed?

A

Moves through the uterine tube to the uterine cavity

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35
Q

Where is the ovum released from?

A

Ovary

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36
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Fallopian tube

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37
Q

Where does development from zygote to morula to blastocyst occur?

A

As it travels through the uterine tube to the uterine cavity

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38
Q

How long does the first cell division of the zygote take?

A

36 hours

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39
Q

What happens to the time of each cell division after the first?

A

Successive cell division takes lesser and lesser time

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40
Q

By what day does the blastocyst form?

A

5 or 6 where it has reached the uterine cavity and is ready to be implanted into it

41
Q

What does the zygote/morula/blastocyst require in the fallopian tube to move down it and reach the uterine cavity?

A

Healthy ciliated epithelium

42
Q

What could occur if cilia function of the fallopian tube is abnormal?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

43
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A

When the fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in the fallopian tube

44
Q

What is it called when the fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

45
Q

What happens during week 2 of pre-embryonic pregnancy?

A

Implantation in the uterine endometrial layer and placenta begins to develop

Cells that later form the embryo form the bilaminar disc

Sacs, membranes and cord to nourish the human conceptus (baby) start to form

47
Q

When does implantation in the uterine tube and the placenta begin to form?

48
Q

When do cells that later form the embryo form the bilaminar disc?

49
Q

When do sacs, membranes and cords to nourish the human conceptus start to form?

50
Q

What does the blastocyst burrow into during implantation?

A

Uterine wall (endometrium)

51
Q

What plays an important role in the blastocyst burrowing?

52
Q

What happens to the trophoblast of the blastocyst?

A

Divides to form 2 laters and ultimately forms chorion

53
Q

What are the finger like processes on chorion called?

A

Chorionic villi

54
Q

What are the functions of chorion?

A

Helps with implantation (chorionic villi)

Forms part of the placenta

Secretes human chorionic gondotropin (HGT) which is used to detect pregnancy

55
Q

What chemical is secreted by chorion?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

56
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) secreted by?

57
Q

What chemical is used to detect pregnancy?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

58
Q

What maintains the endometrium after implantation has occured?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

59
Q

For how long do maternal and urine levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) increase for?

A

Increase until 12 weeks gestation

60
Q

What is gestation?

A

Period of developing inside the womb between conception and birth

61
Q

What is the period of developing inside the womb between conceptiona and birth called?

62
Q

What is A?

A

Myometrium

63
Q

What is B?

A

Endometrium (decidua)

64
Q

What is C?

A

Decidua basalis (with maternal blood vessels)

65
Q

What is the decidua basalis?

A

Part of the endometrium deep to the inplanted conceptus

66
Q

What happens to the inner mast cells of the blastocyst?

A

Forms a 2 layered flat disc called the bilaminar disc, forming 2 cavities

67
Q

Is this picuture before or after formation of bilaminar disc?

A

Before formation

68
Q

Is this picture before or after formation of the bilaminar disc?

A

After formation

69
Q

What is A?

A

Inner cell mass

70
Q

What is B?

A

Blastocyst cavity

71
Q

What is A?

72
Q

What is B?

73
Q

What is C?

A

Amniotic cavity

74
Q

What is D?

75
Q

What are the 2 layers of the bilaminar disc called?

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

76
Q

What are the 2 cavities present after the formation of the bilaminar disc called?

A

Amniotic cavity

Yolk sac

77
Q

What is A?

78
Q

What is B?

79
Q

What is C?

A

Umbilical cord

80
Q

What is D?

A

Maternal blood vessels

81
Q

What is E?

82
Q

What is F?

A

Fetal blood vessels

83
Q

What are the main functions of the placenta?

A

Foetal nutrition

Transport of waste and gases

Immunity

84
Q

What are the 2 parts of the placenta?

A

Foetal part

Maternal part

85
Q

How can the foetal part of the placenta be described?

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord

86
Q

How can the maternal part of the placenta be described?

A

Decidua basalis of endomatrium, rough and has maternal blood vessels

87
Q

What week does the placenta mature by?

A

18-20 weeks

88
Q

How does the weight of the placenta compare to that of the foetus?

A

1/6 of the foetus

89
Q

What is A?

A

Umbilical vein

90
Q

What is B?

A

Endometrial arteries

91
Q

What is C?

A

Endometrial veins

92
Q

What is D?

A

Myometrium

93
Q

What is E?

A

Chorionic villi

94
Q

What is F?

A

Umbilical cord

95
Q

What is G?

A

Umbilical arteries

96
Q

What are the 2 kinds of multiple births/twins?

A

Fraternal/dizygotic

Identical/monozygotic

97
Q

What causes fraternal/dizygotic twins?

A

2 ova released and 2 sperms creates 2 seperate zygotes

Different genetic make up

2 placentae

98
Q

What causes identical/monozygotic twins?

A

1 ovum and 1 sperm creates 1 zygote initially, which divides into 2 and each develops into a different embryo

Same genetic makeup

Share one placenta, might share amniotic and chorionic sac

99
Q

What is a summary of the stages of the first 2 weeks?

A

1) Fertilisation
2) Zygotes
3) Morula
4) Blastocyst with inner cell mass
5) Bilaminar disc with amniotic cavity above and yolk sac below

Respiratory System (37 decks)

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