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Embryology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during week 3?

A

Formation of germ layers (gastrulation)

Formation of neural tube (neurulatrion)

Development of somites

Early development of cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What are germ layers?

A

Layers that can germinate (grow into something)

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3
Q

What is the first thing that happens during week 3?

A

Formation of the primitive streak

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4
Q

Where is the primitive streak formed?

A

In the midline of the epiblast by the dipping in of cells (invagination)

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5
Q

What is the structure of the cells of the epiblast?

A

Columnar

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6
Q

What is formed once the primitive streak is formed?

A

Axis of the embryo

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7
Q

What does the axis of the embryo allow cells to know?

A

Where they are, at the head or the feet

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8
Q

What happens during gastruation?

A

Epiblast cells migrate into the space between the epiblast and hypoblast layers

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9
Q

What do the cells that migrate from the epiblast during gastrulation do, and cause the hypoblast to do?

A

Displaces the hypblast and forms 3 layers

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10
Q

What 3 layers do migrated cells from the epiblast during gastrulation form?

A

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

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11
Q

What do the migrated cells from the epiblast during gastrulation form?

A

Trilaminar disk

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12
Q

What is the trilaminar disk composed of?

A

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

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13
Q

What is 1?

A

Ectoderm

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14
Q

What is 2?

A

Mesoderm

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15
Q

What is 3?

A

Endoderm

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16
Q

What does the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm originate?

A

Epiblast

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17
Q

What happens to the cells during the formation of the trilaminar disk?

A

They become specialised, so can only go on to form certain things

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18
Q

What is formed after the trilaminar disk?

A

Notochord

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19
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Solid tube of cells

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20
Q

What does the notochord induce?

A

Ectodermal cells in the midline to form a neural tube (neurulation)

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21
Q

What does the neural tube and notochord originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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22
Q

What is A?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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23
Q

What does the neural tube induce?

A

Mesoderm to thicken

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24
Q

What happens after the mesoderm thickens?

A

Seperates into 3 parts:

Paraxial mesoderm

Intermediate plate mesoderm

Lateral plate mesoderm

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25
What does the thickened mesoderm seperate into?
Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate plate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm
26
What is B?
Intermediate plate mesoderm
27
What is C?
Lateral plate mesoderm
28
What are the paraxial mesoderm, intermediate plate mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm formed from?
Mesoderm
29
What happens after the mesoderm splits into the paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm?
Lateral plate mesoderm splits to form: Somatic mesoderm Splanchnic mesoderm Space between the 2 called intraembryonic coelom
30
What does the lateral plate mesoderm split into?
Somatic mesoderm Splanchnic mesoderm
31
What is the space between the somatic and splanchnic mesoderms known as?
Intraembryonic coelom
32
What does each part of the mesoderm go on to do?
Form different things
33
What does the paraxial mesoderm go onto form?
Somites
34
What does the intermediate plate mesoderm go onto form?
Urogenital system (kidneys and reproductive systems)
35
What does the lateral plate mesoderm go onto form?
Body cavity and coverings
36
What are somites formed from?
Paraxial mesoderm
37
What are kidneys and reproductive system formed from?
Intermediate plate mesoderm
38
What are body cavitys and coverings formed from?
Lateral plate mesoderm
39
What is a somite?
Each of a number of body segments containing the same internal structures
40
What does each somite (paraxial mesoderm) divide into?
3 structures: Dermatome Myotome Sclerotome
41
What are dermatomes, myotomes and sclerotomes formed from?
Somites
42
What does dermatome form?
Dermis of skin
43
What does sclerotome form?
Bones
44
What does myotome form?
Muscles
45
What do dermatomes and myotomes go onto do?
Migrate, with the nerve supply following them
46
What is the 4th to the 8th week known as?
Embryonic or organogenetic period
47
When is the embryonic organogenetic period?
4th to 8th week
48
What happens during the embryonic period?
Folding into a tube (lateral folds) Neural tube (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord development) Heart starts to beat on day 24 Gut formation from endoderm Urogenital system formation from intermediate mesoderm Body cavities from lateral plate mesoderm 43 pairs of somites form in the paraxial mesoderm and differentiate further Limb buds form Neck development (pharyngeal arches)
49
When does lateral folding start and finish?
Starts in 3rd week and finishes between the 4th and 8th week
50
When does the heart start to beat?
Day 24
51
What is the gut formed from?
Endoderm
52
How many pairs of somites are there?
43
53
Why does lateral folding of the embryo occur?
Weight of cell growth causes it to bend until each end comes together
54
What is A?
Neural tube
55
What is B?
Somite (paraxial mesoderm)
56
What is C?
Intermediate plate mesoderm
57
What is D?
Endoderm (gut)
58
What is E?
Ectoderm
59
What is F?
Somatic mesoderm
60
61
What is G?
Splanchnic mesoderm
62
What is H?
Intra-embryonic coelom
63
How does head and tail folding affect the amniotic cavity and yolk sac?
Causes the amniotic cavity to cover the entire embryo, with the yolk sac in the middle
64
What does the endoderm go onto form?
Gut and respiratory systems
65
What is A?
Neural tube
66
What is B?
Somites
67
What is C?
Gut
68
What is D?
Yolk sac
69
What is E?
Limb bud
70
When is the embryo formed?
After head to tail folding
71
What is teratology?
Study of when things go wrong during development
72
What is the study of when things go wrong during development called?
Teratology
73
What are teratogens?
Environmental factors that cause abnormal development
74
What are examples of teratogens?
Congenital rebulla syndromes caused by contraction of German measles when pregnant Malformed limbs due to maternal use of Thalidomide
75
What drug causes malformed limbs?
Thalidomide
76
What does thalidomide cause?
Malformed limbs
77
What causes congenetial rebulla syndromes?
Contraction of German measles when pregnant
78
What does contraction of German measles when pregnant cause?
Congenital rebulla syndromes
79
What are the causes of abnormal development?
Most are unknown (60%) Multifactorial (20%) Genetic (10%) Environmental (10%)
80
What are examples of environmental teratogens?
Drugs Alcohol Tobacco Infectious agent (can transfer through placenta and affect the developing embryo) Radiation
81
What are some examples of infectious agents that can be teratogens?
Toxoplasma Rebella Cytomegalovirus Herpes
82
What are some genetic factors that may impact development?
Too many/few chromosomes Structural changes (deletion of genes or segments of chromosomes)
83
What can cause genetic factors that impact development?
Maternal age Damage from environmental factors such as radiation
84
When is embryogenesis from?
Weeks 3 to 8
85
When is fetogenesis?
Weeks 9 to 38
86
When is the greatest sensitivity to teratogenesis?
Embryonic period (weeks 3 to 8)
87
What is the main risk during weeks 1 and 2?
High risk of death
88
What does the rick posed by a teratogen depend on?
Exposure during critical periods of development Dosage of drug/chemical/factor Genetic constitution of embryo, such as some more susceptible than others at equilvalent doses
89
When is the foetal period from?
Week 9 to 38
90
What do teratogens generally cause during the embryonic and foetal periods?
During embryonic period causes major congenital anomalies During foetal period causes functional and minor anomalies
91
How are malformations diagnosed prenatal?
Blood (AFP, alpha-feto protein) Ultrasound scan (12 week anomoly scan) Invasive tests (chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis)
92
What is an example of an ultrasound scan?
12 week anomaly scan
93
What are examples of invasive tests?
Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis
94
How are malformations diagnosed postnatal?
Hip stability Testes Fingers and toes Hearing

Respiratory System (37 decks)

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