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embryo MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Derivation: Skeleton and voluntary muscle systems are derived from ____

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

Notochord →

A

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs

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3
Q

. Paraxial mesoderm →

A

somites → vertebrae/ribs, muscles (limbs, trunk) skin (limbs, trunk)

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4
Q

Intermediate mesoderm →

A

urogenital system

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5
Q

Lateral (plate) mesoderm →

A

limb skeleton

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6
Q

Paraxial mesoderm forms ______ give rise to the ____

A

somites; segments

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7
Q

The limbs _____ during development, changing the orientation of the dermatomes in the limbs from the original orientation in the embryo.

A

rotate

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8
Q

Each somite divides into three parts in order to form all the structures in the segment:

A

Dermatome → dermis

Myotome → skeletal muscle

Sclerotome → cartilage, bone

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9
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm is divided by the coelom (body cavity) into…

______ that forms GI wall and _____ that forms limb skeleton and Anterolateral body wall

A

An inner splanchnic (visceral) layer ; An outer somatic layer (B,C)

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10
Q

Bones are formed from mesoderm in one of 2 ways:

A

intramembranous ossification and endochondrial ossification

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11
Q

Intramembranous Ossification are drived from ____ when ______ cells differentiate directly into bone forming cells = ______ that make up ____ bones of the skull

A

mesoderm; Mesenchymal; osteoblasts; Flat bones of the skull (C)

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12
Q

Starts with cartilage model of a bone. Then must kill the cartilage and replace with bone = _______

A

endochondral ossification

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13
Q

1st step in forming Endochondral Ossification

A

Embryonic hyaline cartilage model develops.

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14
Q

2nd step in endochondrial ossification

A

“Bone collar” forms around cartilage diaphysis. Chondrocytes within die. (B)

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15
Q

3rd step in endochondrial ossification

A

1.From the periosteum, blood vessels, osteoblasts and osteoclasts invade and form the primary ossification center. Bone formation begins and spreads from here. (C)

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16
Q

4th step in endochondral ossification

A

4.Secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses → bone formation in each. (D)

•Some begin just before birth, most after birth.

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17
Q

Bone replaces ______ throughout the cartilage model, except the ______ and epiphyseal plates. (E)

A

hyaline cartilage; articular cartilages

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18
Q

_____ cartilages remain throughout life for joint movement

A

Articular hyaline

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19
Q

_____ needed for bone growth; remain until adulthood. Then replaced with bone.

A

Epiphyseal plates (aka growth plates)

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20
Q

limb development begins as limb buds which have begun to gorw by _____

A

week 4

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21
Q

Each upper & lower limb bud arises as lateral/medial extensions of _____

A

lateral extension of trunk somites

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22
Q

Upper limb from somites

A

C5-T1

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23
Q

Lower limb from somites

A

L2-S2

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24
Q

Initial outgrowth of the limb bud begins with mitosis of ______ in response to mesodermal Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs).

New cells are added primarily at the proximal/distal end of the limb bud under the influence of the ______ which produce FGFs coded by FGF gene.

A

mesoderm cells; distal; apical ectodermal ridge cells

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25
Q

Endochondral ossification. Growth follows _____

A

Proximal → Distal rule

26
Q

Limb grows distally by mitosis of cells beneath the _______

A

apical ectodermal ridge (AER).

27
Q

Proximal cells then differentiate into ______ and form a hyaline cartilage model of each bone.

A

chondroblasts (hyaline cartilage)

28
Q

All cartilage models are formed by end _____

A

Week 8.

29
Q

Distal end of each limb forms wide paddle.

Digital rays develop where each digit will form.

____ occurs and separates the individual digits.

A

Apoptosis

30
Q

Polydactyly =

A

Extra digits on hand and/or foot.

31
Q

Syndactyly = ___

A

Fused digits

32
Q

Achondroplasia

Epidemiology:

Etiology:

Pathogenesis:

Clinical:

A

Epidemiology: common type of dwarfism.

Etiology: AD; ~ 80% are spontaneous …..paternal mutations of FGFR 3 gene

Pathogenesis: decreased endochondral ….ossification in limb bones → short limbs. ….No effect on membranous ossification → ….large head relative to limbs.

Clinical: short limbs with large torso and ….head relative to limbs. Prominent ….forehead and flattened nasal bridge.

33
Q

As the forelimb/upper limb bud arises as extension of trunk somites, ____extend into the limb bud.

This → Brachial Plexus.

Innervates muscle and skin of upper limb.

A

ventral rami of C5-T1

34
Q

As the hindlimb/lower limb bud arises from trunk somites, _______ extend into the limb bud.

This → Lumbosacral Plexus.

Innervates muscle and skin of lower limb.

A

ventral rami of L2-S2

35
Q

Limb musculature derived from mesoderm (A)

(paraxial → somite → _____)

Cells of the myotomes ______ migrate into the limb bud. (B)

The myoblasts divide into ______ masses in the limbs. (C)

Spinal nerve ventral rami grow with them for innervation. (C)

A

myotome; (myoblasts); extensor and flexor muscle

36
Q

Agenesis and partial development

A

Muscles may not develop at all or a part may not develop.

The most common muscles include these muscles of the upper limb:

  • Palmaris longus
  • Part of pectoralis major
  • Serratus anterior
37
Q

Sclerotome cells

(mesoderm → somite → _____) migrate …

toward _____ and _____ medially/laterally

A

sclerotome; midline notochord and neural tube; laterally

38
Q

Sclerotome cells surround the neural tube, forming the _____

Notochord becomes _____ of intervertebral discs

A

vertebrae; nucleus pulposis

39
Q

Sclerotome cells that migrate laterally form the ___

A

ribs

40
Q

_______ Occurs by endochondral ossification (i.e. forms a cartilage model,

kills the cartilage,

replaces with bone).

_____ cells form a cartilage model.

Later, ossification centers develop.

Ossification does not/does continue until adulthood.

A

vertebra develoment; Sclerotome; does

41
Q

Vertebral development is complex.

Vertebrae and Spinal nerves develop together.

Each sclerotome forming vertebrae has to divide into _____ parts (along the intrasegmental boundary to allow spinal nerves space to exit vertebral column.

Cranial and caudal parts of adjacent sclerotomes join and create a ______

A

cranial and caudal; VERTEBRA

42
Q

Hemivertebra

A

Lack of formation of part of a vertebra.

Arises from either:

  • failure of an ossification center to form properly
  • improper subdivision of sclerotomes

The presence of hemivertebra is one cause of scoliosis (lateral curvature of vertebral column).

43
Q

Neural Tube Defects (NTD)

A
  • Also called Spina bifida (= cleft spine)
  • Mild and moderate forms arise from lack of development of dorsal vertebral arch from the sclerotome.
44
Q

Rib Congenital Anomalies

A

•Usually small, rudimentary rib immediately above or below the 12 normal ribs.

•Lumbar rib : An extra rib or pair of ribs may develop in the lumbar area from the L1 vertebra. No symptoms.

•Cervical rib : An extra rib or pair of ribs may develop in the cervical area from C7 vertebra. (B) .5-1% of population. May compress brachial plexus +/- subclavian artery (this is one etiology of Thoracic outlet syndrome)

•

Lumbar are more common than cervical

45
Q

Myotome cells migrate… ventrally/dorsally, to form the intrinsic (deep) back muscles innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves. (B,C)

A

dorsally

46
Q

Myotome cells migrate… ventrally/dorsally, to form the anterolateral body wall (and limb muscles) innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves.

A

ventrally

47
Q

development of the skull: derived from

A

mesoderm

48
Q

skull forms from endochondral/intramembranous ossification

A

intramembranous ossification

49
Q

intramembranous ossification process

A

Begins with mesenchymal cells

↓

Mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into bone forming cells = osteoblasts

NOTE: there is no cartilage model.

↓

These cells make bone matrix (osteoid).

↓

Flat bones of the skull (C)

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MSK (10 decks)

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