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Embryo Flashcards

0
Q

Mutations in homeobox genes

A

Appendages in the wrong location

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1
Q

Mutation in sonic hedghog

A

Holoprosencephaly

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2
Q

What day is implantation?

A

Day 6

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3
Q

When does the neural tube close?

A

Week 4

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4
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

Week 4

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5
Q

What is derived from surface ectoderm?

A 
Adenohypophysis
Lens of the eye 
Epi linings of oral cavity, sensory organs of the ear, olfactory epithelium 
Epidermis
Anal canal below the pectinate line
Parotid, sweat and mammary glands
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6
Q

What is derived from neuroectoderm?

A

CNS

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7
Q

What is derived from the neural crest?

A 
PNS
Melanocytes 
Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
Para follicular cells of thyroid 
Schwann cells 
Bones of skull
Odontoblasts 
Aorticopulmonary septum
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8
Q

What is derived from mesoderm?

A 
Muscle, bone, CT, serous linings of body cavities 
Spleen 
CV 
Lymphatics
Blood
Wall of gut tube and bladder
Urethra
Vagina
Kidneys
Adrenal cortex
Dermis
Testes
Ovaries
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9
Q

What is derived from endoderm?

A 
Gut tube epithelium
Lungs
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas 
Eustachian tube 
Thymus
Parathyroid 
Thyroid follicular cells
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10
Q

Failure of fusion of the neuropores

Increased AFP and AchE

A

NT defects

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11
Q

What is the urachus?

A

A duct between the bladder and yolk sac

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12
Q

What happens when the urachus fails to obliterate?

A

Urine discharge from umbilicus

Outpouching of the bladder

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13
Q

What is the vitelline duct?

A

Duct between yolk sac and midgut lumen

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14
Q

What comes from the 1st aortic arch?

A

Part of the maxillary artery (external carotid)

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15
Q

What comes from the 2nd aortic arch?

A

Stapedial artery and hyoid artery

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16
Q

What comes from the third aortic arch?

A

Common carotid artery

Proximal part if the internal carotid

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17
Q

What comes from the fourth aortic arch?

A

Aortic arch

Proximal part of right subclavian

18
Q

What comes from the sixth aortic arch?

A

Proximal part of pulmonary arteries

Ductus arteriosus

19
Q

What are the branching clefts derived from?

20
Q

What is derived from the 1st bronchial cleft?

A

External auditory meatus

21
Q

What happens with failure of obliteration of branchial clefts?

A

A persistent cervical sinus in the lateral neck

22
Q

What comes from the branchial arches?

A

Mesoderm and neural crest

23
Q

What comes from the 1st branchial arch?

A 
Meckel's cartilage: mandible, malleus, mandibular ligament
Muscles of mastication 
Mylohyoid
Medial pterygoids
CN V2/3
24
Q

What is the anomaly associated with the first branchial arch?

A

Treacher-Collins syndrome: first arch neural crest fails to migrate
So you get mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

25
Q

What comes from second branchial arch?

A

Reichert’s cartilage: stapes, stylohyoid, stapedius, facial muscles
CN VII

26
Q

What comes from the 3rd branchial arch?

A

Greater horn of hyoid cartilage
Stylo pharyngeal muscle
CN IX

27
Q

What is a congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula?

A

Failure of 3rd branchial arch to obliterate

Get mass in the lateral neck from fistula in the tonsillar area

28
Q

What is derived from the 4th-6th branchial arches?

A

Throat cartilage
4th arch - all pharyngeal constrictors except cricothyroid and levator veli palatini, superior laryngeal branch of CN X (swallow)
6th - all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid, recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus (speak)

29
Q

What is derived from the first branchial pouch?

A

Middle ear, Eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

30
Q

What is derived from the second branchial pouch?

A

Develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

31
Q

What happens with a failure of the second pouch to regress?

A

A pharyngeal fistula - lateral anterior neck mass

32
Q

What is derived from the 3rd pouch?

A

Inferior parathyroids

Thymus

33
Q

What is derived from the 4th pouch?

A

Superior parathyroids

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

34
Q

What happens from incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts?

A

Bicornuate uterus

Uterus didelphus

35
Q

What structures are derived from the mesonephric duct?

A 
SEED
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory duct
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
36
Q

What structures come from the paramesonephric duct?

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina

37
Q

What comes from telencephalon?

A

Cerebral hemispheres and 4th ventricle

38
Q

What comes from diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

3rd ventricle

39
Q

Mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain and aqueduct

40
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum, and upper part of 4th ventricle

41
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

Lower part of 4th ventricle

42
Q

What does the ureteric bud give rise to?

A

Ureter
Calyces
Pelvises and collecting ducts

43
Q

What does the metanephric mesenchyme do?

A

Interacts with the ureteric bud –> formation of glomerulus thru distal convoluted tubule

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