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My CP 1 > Embryo 4 > Flashcards

Embryo 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Vasculogenesis

A
  • formation of new vascular channels by assembly of individual cells precursors called angioblast or hemoangioblast
  • from mesoderm
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2
Q

Mesenchyme

A

embryonic CT

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3
Q

Angiogenesis

A

development of blood vessels from pre-existing vessels (adults/cancer)

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4
Q

Arteriogenesis

A

remodeling of existing arteries in response to different pathological/physiological changes

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5
Q

What two cells do angioblasts give rise to?

A
  1. Hematopoeitic stem cells

2. Endothelial precursor cells

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6
Q

When does vasculogenesis begin?

A

end of third week

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7
Q

Where are Hematopoeitic stem cells formed?

A

AGM

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8
Q

What do blood islands produce?

A

Plexuses

*channels form within the plexuses, and these channels then enlarge/unite to form arteries and veins

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9
Q

Angioma

A
  1. Capillary Hemagioma (nevus vascular): excessive growth of small capillary networks->cherry angiomas (campbell de morgan spots)
  2. Cavernous Hemagioma: proliferation of large dilated vascular channels
  3. Hemangioma of infancy: benign tumor; consists of many endothelial cells (due to v asculogenesis; enlarge birth -one year, and then many will regress
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10
Q

Infants with segmental hemangioma should also be evaluated for…

A

PHACE syndrome

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11
Q

What are the three branches of the fused dorsal aorta?

A
  1. Ventral Segmental Arteries
  2. Lateral Segmental Arteries
  3. Dorsal Segmental Arteries
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12
Q

What do Ventral Segmental Arteries supply?

A

splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm and endoderm (ex. IMA, SMA)

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13
Q

What do Lateral Segmental Arteries supply?

A

intermediate mesoderm derivatives (ex. renal, ovarian, and testicular arteries)

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14
Q

What do Dorsal Segmental Arteries supply?

A

derivatives of somites; when they come off we call them intersegmental arteries (ex. intercostal and lumbar arteries)

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15
Q

What does the first formed aortic arch supply?

A

first pharyngeal arch

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16
Q

What forms day 26-32? 32-37?

A
  1. rudiments of remaining aortic arches (as 3 forms, 1 degenerates; 4, 2…)
  2. completion of aortic arches; send a lot of branches to the head
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17
Q

Derivatives of aortic arches: 1st

A

external carotid, maxillary

18
Q

Derivatives of aortic arches: 2nd

A

stems of stapedial arteries

19
Q

Derivatives of aortic arches: 3rd

A

common carotid, internal carotid

20
Q

Derivatives of aortic arches: Aortic sac

A

brachiocephalic artery, base of arch of aorta

21
Q

Derivatives of aortic arches: 4th

A

left: medial portion of arch of aorta
right: proximal right subclavian

22
Q

Derivatives of aortic arches: 6th

A

pulmonary arteries

  • left: distal ductus arteriosus
  • right distal degenerates
23
Q

Derivatives of aortic arches: 7th intersegmental arteries

A

right: distal part of right subclavian
left: entire left subclavian

24
Q

Derivatives of aortic arches: dorsal aorta

A

right: portion of right subclavian artery
left: descending aorta

25
Q

Fetal Blood Circulation

A

O2 blood from placenta–>left umbilical vein–>liver–>ductus venous–>inferior vena cava–>right atrium–>foramen ovale/secundum–>left atrium–>left ventricle–> aorta–>branches going to head/descending aorta

26
Q

What happens if theres too much blood coming form the placenta?

A

sphincter constructs, and directs blood into the sinusoids of the liver

27
Q

What three things do we get with aeration of the lungs?

A
  1. Decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance
  2. Increase in pulmonary blood flow
  3. Thinning of walls of pulmonary arteries
28
Q

What is the round ligament of liver/ligamentum teres?

A

remnant of the left umbilical vein

29
Q

Where does ligamentum arteriosum come from?

A
  • ductus arteriosus fuses within 72 hours after birth

- due to increased prostaglandins and bradykinin

30
Q

Coarctation of Aorta

A
  • due to aortic constriction (above/below ductus arteriosus)
  • normal/high pulses/BP of UE; low/absent for LE
    a. Preductal: can become cyanotic (prostaglandins are given, so duct arteriosus doesn’t close)
    b. Postductal: fetus often develops collateral system (angiogenesis)

*due to smooth muscle abnormally goes into aorta, and constricts OR aortic arches remodeled, and narrowed

31
Q

Double Aortic Arch

A
  • persistence of distal portion of right dorsal aorta (normally it becomes right subclavian, and the rest degenerates)
  • vascular rings forms around the trachea/esophagus
  • symptoms: stridor, respiratory infections/distress, wheezing, cough, esophageal complains (dysphagia, feeding difficulty, vomiting)
32
Q

Interrupted Aortic Arch

A
  • both right and left 4th aortic arch arteries are obliterated
  • distal right dorsal aorta is retained; normally have VSD and PDA
  • Symptoms (day 1-2): weakness, fatigue, poor feeding, false HR, low O2 levels (especially legs)
  • associated with DiGeorge Syndrome

*right side always gets O2; left side is variable

33
Q

What is the most severe form of a coarctation of the aorta?

A

Interrupted Aortic Arch

34
Q

Abnormal Origin of the Right Subclavian Artery

A
  • arises from the distal part of the right dorsal aorta, and the 7th intersegmental artery
  • the right 4th aortic arch, and the proximal part of the right dorsal aorta obliterate
  • right subclavian passes behind the esophagus and trachea
  • some people are asymptomatic, and some have esophageal problems
  • may see lower pulse in right UE than left because the Rt. subclavian can get compressed on by the vertebral bodies
35
Q

Right Aortic Arch

A
  • the left fourth arch and left dorsal aorta are obliterated and replaced by the corresponding vessels on the right side
  • swallowing can be impaired if ligamentum arteriosum lies on the left side and passes behind the esophagus
36
Q

What are the three sets of veins?

A
  1. Cardinals (anterior, posterior, common): O2 poor blood from body back to heart
  2. Vitelline (around yolk sac/liver): O2 poor blood from body back to heart
  3. Umbilical: O2 rich blood from placenta back to heart
37
Q

Vitelline Veins

A
  • proximal to heat: left: degenerates; right persists

- within liver: right forms hepatic vein (part of inferior vena cava); right and left form portal vein (from gut)

38
Q

Umbilical Veins

A
  • Right degenerates entirely
  • Left persists: brings O2 rich blood from placenta back to heart
    a. Proximal degenerates
    b. Anastomoses with ductus venosus
    c. Distal persists in embryo providing placental return
39
Q

Cardinal Veins

A

a. Anterior: drainage from cranial territory
- right forms internal jugular and superior VC
- left forms left brachiocephalic
b. Posterior: drainage from body wall
- degenerate except fro root of azygos and common iliac; replaced by sub cardinal and supra cardinal veins

40
Q

Venous System Defects: left superior vena cava

A

-persistence of left anterior cardinal vein and obliteration of the common cardinal and proximal part of the anterior cardinal veins on the right

41
Q

Venous System Defects: double superior vena cava

A

-persistence f the left anterior cardinal vein and failure of the left brachiocephalic vein to form

42
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

  1. Hepatic segment
  2. Prerenal
  3. Renal
  4. Postrental
  5. Malformations
A
  1. right vitelline/hepatic veins and sinuses
  2. right sub cardinal
  3. sub cardinal-supracardinal anastomosis
  4. right supra cardinal
  5. Persistence of a sacrocardinal vein (2 inferior VCs)

My CP 1 (17 decks)

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