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My CP 1 > Embryo 2 > Flashcards

Embryo 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system comes from ___ endoderm. Specifically, it comes form the ___ ____ (the __ ___)

A
  1. Forgut
  2. Primitive Pharynx
  3. 6th Arch
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2
Q

Laryngotracheal groove

A

gives rise to larynx and trachea

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3
Q

Laryngotracheal Diverticulum–2 other names

A
  • forms during week 4
    1. Lung Buds (inferior portion)
    2. Respiratory Diverticulum
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4
Q

The trachea is ___ to the esophagus.

A

anterior

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5
Q

How do we separate the larynx/trachea from the esophagus?

A

We have the tracheoesophageal folds fuse to form a tracheoesophageal septum (occurs in the 5th week)

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6
Q

What is the function of the bilateral arytenoid swellings?

A
  1. Give rise to cartilage (NC covered with cartilage)
  2. They are endodermal covered mesenchyme (NC derived) from the 6th arch
  3. Fuse to form a T shape, which forms the glottis
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7
Q

What structure/arch does the epiglottis arise from?

A
  1. Hypobranchial Eminence

2. Arch 4

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8
Q

What is/why do we need recanalization?

A
  1. Process of apoptosis that is complete in the 10th week

2. Endoderm grows, and covers the glottis; forms the laryngeal ventricles, vocal folds, and vestibular folds

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9
Q

Laryngeal Atresia

A
  • obstruction of upper fetal airway that results from a failure of recanalization
  • asphyxia at birth, and emergency tracheotomy is required
  • can be detected with ultrasound/corrected prior to birth
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10
Q

Laryngeal Webs

A
  • incomplete atreseia due to tissue between vocal folds
  • presents with respiratory distress, unusual cry, & stridor
  • due to failure of recanalization
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11
Q

Laryngomalacia

A
  • aka “Congetial laryngeal stridor”
  • collapse of supraglottic structures during inspiration
  • fairly common; mxn is unknown
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12
Q

What gives rise to the trachea/its parts?

A
  1. Endoderm: epithelium and glands; pulmonary epithelium (lungs)
  2. Splanchnic Mesoderm: cartilage rings, CT of BVs, smooth muscle
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13
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula: cause

A
  • week 5: tracheoesophageal fold problem
  • Esophageal atresia + Tracheoesophageal fistula
  • abnormal passage between the trachea + esophagus
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14
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

blind end esophagus

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15
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula: clinical presentation

A
  • with feedings, babies will cough/gag a lot because food gets into the airway
  • can be cyanotic
  • dianosed by putting tube down (should be 17cm to stomach, but their’s will could at 12 cm)
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16
Q

What’s unique about H-type Tracheoesophageal Fistula?

A
  • it is hard to diagnose; can be diagnosed as late as 4-5

- will have increased respiratory infections

17
Q

What week do lung buds form?

A

week 4

18
Q

When/what do lung buds divide into, which then divide into?

A
  1. Primary Bronchial buds (primary bronchi)–wk 5
  2. Secondary bronchial buds (3 on right, 2 on left)–wk 6
    Tertiary bronchial buds (10 right, 9 left–wk 7
19
Q

What space/tissue type are the bronchial buds growing in?

A
  1. Pericardial perineal canals

2. Splanchnic Mesoderm

20
Q

When do the terminal bronchioles form? What do we have now?

A

by week 24 (17 orders of branches have occurred)

officially have our conduction system–woohoo

21
Q

What are the four stages of lung development? Weeks? Overlap…why?

A
  1. a. Pseudoglandular (wk 5-17)
    b. Canalicular (wk 16-25)
    c. Terminal Sac (wk 24-birth)
    d. Alveolar (wk 32-8yrs)
  2. They overlap because race, gender, region…all matter
22
Q

What happens to an infant born in the Pseudoglandular stage?

A
  • they die
  • in this stage, terminal bronchioles are formed, and surrounded by CT from Splanchnic Mesoderm
  • the players are there, but they are not interacting correctly
23
Q

What happens to an infant born in the Canalicular stage?

A
  • MAY survive (wk 16-21 will not; wk 22+ may survive)
  • branching leads to respiratory bronchioles–>primordial alveolar ducts; have terminal sacs
  • vessels (capillaries) are much closer to terminal sacs
24
Q

Terminal sacs are…

A

primitive alveoli

25
Q

What happens to an infant born in the Terminal sac stage?

A
  • they WILL survive because gas exchange is made possible due to squamous epithelium producing Type I and secretory epithelial cells producing Type II
  • Lymphatic capillaries are now in contact with the squamous epithelium
26
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapse of the alveoli

27
Q

What happens to an infant born in the Alveolar stage?

A
  • they are surviving
  • formation of alveolocapillary membrane
  • formation of primitive alveoli (95% after birth; done 3yr)
28
Q

The alveolocapillary membrane is made of…

A

endoderm and mesoderm

29
Q

What are FBMs? When do they occur? Why do they occur?

A
  1. Fetal Breathing Movements
  2. In utero with sufficient force to cause aspiration of amniotic fluid
  3. Primes lungs so they’re ready for birth
30
Q

What 3 things are necessary for normal lung development?

A
  1. Adequate amniotic fluid
  2. Thoracic space for growth
  3. FBMs
31
Q

What has to happen with intra-alveolar fluid?

A
  • it must be cleared
  • in vaginal birth, pressure on chest helps to expel fluid through the mouth or nose
  • in C-section birth, fluid enters lympathics, pulmonary capillaries, arteries, and veins
32
Q

What is Oligohydramnios?

A
  • inadequate amniotic fluid

- retards lung development, and increased risk of pulmonary hypoplasia (if oligohydramnios occurs prior to 26 weeks)

33
Q

Hiland Membrane Disease

A
  • aka Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • Occurs due to lack of surfactant during the terminal sac stage
  • symptoms: tachypnea, nasal flaring, suprsternal/intercostal/subcostal retractions, grunting, cyanosis
  • chest x-ray will show low lung volumes, diffuse reticulogranular ground glass appearance (fuzzy)
34
Q

Congenital Diphragmatic Hernia: PE findings

A
  • barrel shaped chest
  • scaphoid appearing abdomen
  • absense of breath sounds on ipsilateral side
  • if herniation is on the left, heart sounds will be on the right
35
Q

Congenital Diphragmatic Hernia is caused by…

A
  • failure of septum transverse and pluerperitoneal folds to meet
  • should fuse by week 6; left folds slower than the right
  • Foramen of Bochdalek
36
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Signs/Symptoms

A
  1. Prentally: polyhydramnios

2. Birth: coughing, gagging, cyanosis, vomiting, voluminous oral secretions, possible respiratory distress

37
Q

Congenital Lung Cysts

A

-cysts filled with fluid or air due to disturbance in bronchial development during later fetal life

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