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My CP 1 > Embryo 3 > Flashcards

Embryo 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What day does the heart first beat?

A

22

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2
Q

What does splanchnic mesoderm produce?

A

ALL the HEART

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3
Q

What does angioblastic tissue produce?

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

Primary Heart Fields: origin, purpose

A
  • formed due to mesoderm migration during gastrulation
  • develop into L/R atria, and L ventricle
  • established in cranial end of embryo
  • aka cardiogenic cord
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5
Q

Secondary Heart Fields: origin, purpose

A
  • formed from pharyngeal arches

- develop into R ventricle, outflow tract, and part of atria (venous pole)

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6
Q

Outflow tract eventually becomes…

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

Mesentery

A
  • double layer of splanchnic mesoderm

- provides route for BVs, lymphatics, and nerves to get to/from organs

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8
Q

What happens to the endocardial heart tubes during lateral folding?

A

they fuse together

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9
Q

What is: endocardium? myocardium? epicardium? What are they all made from?

A
  1. internal endothelial lining
  2. muscular wall
  3. outer covering of heart (visceral pericardium)
  4. Splanchnic mesoderm
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10
Q

What forms when the dorsal mesentery degenerates?

A

transverse pericardial sinus–>separates outflow tract form venous flow

*dorsal mesentery connects the heart to the posterior body wall

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11
Q

What is the path of the NC cells to help form specific heart structures?

A
  1. originate in the myelencephalon (medulla) 2. migrate thru pharyngeal arches 3, 4, & 6
  2. end in the aorticopulmonary septa (separates outflow tract) and trunks arteriorsus
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12
Q

What four things regulate cardiac NC migration/differentiation?

A

Retinoic acid, Hot genes, Nf-1, and Pax 3

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13
Q

Primitive divisions include…

A
  1. Truncus arterioles and bulbus cordis (outflow tract)
  2. Ventricle and atrium
  3. Sinus Venosus (embryo veins bring blood to the heart)
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14
Q

What causes formation of the Bulboventricular loop?

A
  • the fast growth of the bulbus cordis and ventricles
  • the heart bends on itself
  • right folding is normal
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15
Q

What is Dextrocardia?

A
  • heart folding to the left

- if the abdomen is opposite as well, there are no problems (situs inversus)

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16
Q

Septation events start and end

A

mid 4th week and 8th week

*septation events happen all at the same time

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17
Q

What is the origin of endocardial (AV) cushions? Their purpose?

A
  • mesodermal growth from the dorsal and ventral walls
  • invaded in wk 5 by mesenchyme
  • they will grow together to form R/L AV canals
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18
Q

Formation remodeling of the AV cushions is dependent on ____

A

retinoic acid

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19
Q

Anything smooth comes from the…

A

sinus venosus

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20
Q

What does the right horn of the sinus venosus give rise to?

A
  1. Sinus centrum
  2. Orifices of superior and inferior vena cava veins
  3. Orifice of coronary sinus
21
Q

What does the left horn of sinus venosus become?

A

coronary sinus

22
Q

What muscular valves are on either side of the sinuatrial orifice? How do they fuse?

A
  • left and right sinuatrial valves
  • both fuse cranially with septum spurious
  • the right fuses cranially to form the crista terminalis, and caudally to form the valve of coronary sinus, and most of the valve of the inferior VC
23
Q

Septum primum vs. Septum secundum

A
  1. 2 foramen (ostium)
    a. Foramen primum: shunt between R/L atrium; disappears when endocardial cushions fuse
    b. Foramen secundum: forms before foramen primun disappears; ensures shunting
  2. Overlaps septum primum
    a. Foramen ovale

*leads to shunt from R to L atrium

24
Q

In embryonic life, when does the patent foramen ovale fuse? In fetal life?

A

Trick question: it does not fuse in either

25
Q

What is the role of the inter ventricular septum in ventricle septation?

A

-muscular portion migrates up, but doesn’t make it all the way leaving an inter ventricular foramen

26
Q

Bulbar ridges are also called…

A

conotruncal ridges

27
Q

Aorticopulmonary septum

A
  • NC derived
  • divides bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus into ascending aorta, and pulmonary trunk
  • fuses with endocardial cushion
28
Q

Incorporated bulbus cordis forms…

A

Right: conus arteriosus (infundibulum)
Left: aortic vestibule

29
Q

What events lead to the formation of the membranous portion of the inter ventricular septum?

A
  • complete fusion of the right and left bulbar ridges with endocardial cushion results in disappearance of the inter ventricular foramen
  • functions to separate L + R ventricles, and L Ventricle from R atrium
30
Q

Formation of Semilunar Valve

A
  1. Begins once the partition of truncus arteriosus is nearly complete
  2. Between bulbus cordis + truncus arteriousus
  3. Valve swellings – blood hits the wall
  4. Erosion to cusps
    * AV valves form in the same process
31
Q

Cyanotic

A

right to left shunt

32
Q

Acyanotic

A

no shunt or left to right shunt

33
Q

No shunt

A

anomalies of aortic arches; coarctation of aorta

34
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriorsus (PDA)

A
  1. Acyanotic
  2. Does not close due to low O2 content, and circulating PGE2 (mediated by COX-2)
  3. treatment: Cox-2 inhibitors
  4. Characteristics: continuous murmur; large defects include poor eating, rapid HR…
35
Q

Persistent Ductus Arteriosus

A

-high BP blood in aorta goes into pulmonary trunk–> pulmonary HT, which can damage lungs

36
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A
  1. Acyanotic
  2. a. Ostium secondum: includes patent foramen ovale, very common, due to excessive cell death and resorption of septum primum, or by inadequate development of septum primum
    b. Probe patent foramen ovale: common; incomplete adhesion b/t foramen ovale and septum secundum after birth
    c. Ostium primum: septum primum doesn’t fuse w/ endocardial cushions; associated with mitral valve cleft
  • Hallmark: fixed, split S2
  • *Kids with Down Syndrome often have this
37
Q

Ventricle Septal Defects

A
  1. Acyanotic

2. NC problem; no membranous portion because buds didn’t fuse

38
Q

AV Septal Defects: Complete vs. Partial

A
  1. Complete: characterized by primum ASD that is contiguous with a VSD, and a common AV valve
  2. Partial: characterized by a primum ASD, and a single AV valve annulus with 2 separate valve orifices (anterior leaflet of the mitral valve typically is cleft)
39
Q

AV Septal Defect

A
  1. Acyanotic
  2. Endocardial cushions do not fuse
  3. 20% of people with Down Syndrome are affected
40
Q

“Corrected” Transposition of the Great Vessels

A
  1. Acyanotic

2, Improper septation of outflow tract; reverse rotation of heart

41
Q

Transposition of the Great Vessels

A
  1. Cyanotic
  2. Improper spiraling of NC
  3. Great vessels from “wrong” ventricles; septal defects; PDA
42
Q

Double Outlet Right Ventricle

A
  1. Cyanotic
  2. Abnormal migration of bulbar ridges during septation; muscular portion is misaligned
  3. Great vessels from “right ventricle”; ventricular septal defect in most cases
43
Q

Truncus Arteriosus

A
  1. Cyanotic
  2. NC - absence of bulbar and truncal ridges to form/migrate to the midline
  3. Single great vessel; inter ventricular septal defect
44
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  1. Cyanotic
  2. Abnormal septation of outflow tract
  3. Pulmonary stenosis; inter ventricular septal defects; over-riding aorta; right ventricle hypertrophy

*very serious, and very common

45
Q

Critical =

A

Cyanotic

46
Q

Critical Pulmonary Stenosis

A
  1. Cyanotic

2. Cusps of pulmonary valves are fused or thickened

47
Q

Critical Aortic Stenosis

A
  1. Cyanotic

2. Tachypnea, poor feeding, poor perfusion, may lead to hypoplastic left heart syndrome

48
Q

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

A
  1. Cyanotic (no left ventricle)
  2. Mitral valve stenosis or atresia; left ventricle hypo plastic; aortic valve stenosis or atresia; aortic arch hypoplastic

My CP 1 (17 decks)

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