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Excitable Cells > ELM2 - Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

ELM2 - Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Golgi’s role in the history of the neuron?

A

Reduced silver stain so we can look at individual cells
Believed neurites were fused together in a reticular network

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2
Q

What was Cajal’s role in the history of the neuron?

A

Used Golgi’s stain to do drawings
Neuron doctrine theory each neuron is a discrete cell
Principle of dynamic depolarisation
Principle of connectional specificity

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3
Q

What is Cajal’s principle of dynamic polarisation?

A

Neurons transmit information in a certain direction

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4
Q

What is the principle of connectional specificity?

A

The structure of the nervous system is organised not random

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5
Q

What are some advantages and uses of electron microscope?

A

High resolution
Examine cell ultrastructure
Prove synapses exist

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6
Q

What are some disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A

Can only examine dead cells

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7
Q

What is the process of immunofluorescence labelling methods?

A
  1. Prepare antibody or drug tagged with fluorescent label
  2. Add to tissue and allow to bind so the target protein is labelled
  3. Wash off free labelled antibody
  4. Look and see what is fluorescent to see target protein distribution
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8
Q

What are confocal microscopes?

A

Combine lasers and fluorescence
Focus laser at different layers of tissue

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9
Q

What are the advantages of confocal microscopes?

A

Look at live cells

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of confocal microscopes?

A

Resolution of 0.1um

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11
Q

What is meant by Brainbow?

A

Genetically modify animals so cells show different colours
Can trace pathway of neurons

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12
Q

What is the role of glia?

A

Support neurons
Regulate nervous system
Mediate signalling
Can divide

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13
Q

What are the glia in the CNS?

A

Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia

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14
Q

What are the glia in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells
Schwann cells

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15
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Line ventricles
Direct cell migration in development
Produce CSF Reserve of cells

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16
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinate axons
Insulate many axons

17
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Star shaped
Fill space between neurons
Regulate extracellular fluid
Direct proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells

18
Q

What are microglia?

A

Phagocytic/immune function
Can migrate

19
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Myelinate axons
One per axon

20
Q

How does Huntington’s develop?

A

Huntingtin gene codes for a mutant protein which isn’t broken down
It builds up and kills the cell
Basal ganglia most effected

21
Q

What causes Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. Amyloid beta misfold and form plaques around neurons which kills them
  2. Tau are phosphorylated and clump and make tangles which disrupts normal cargo movement 3. This kills the neurons
22
Q

What components are common between neurons and other cells?

A

Cell body with cytosol and organelles
Cell membrane

23
Q

What components are unique to neurons?

A

Can’t divide
Can make action potentials

24
Q

What are some ways polarity is caused in neurons?

A

Differences in organelles
Differences in the membrane and cytoplasm

25
Q

How are different molecules and organelles targeted to different parts of the neuron?

A

The neuronal cytoskeleton

26
Q

What is the function of the neuronal cytoskeleton?

A

Structural support
Transport cargo to and from axon and dendrites
Tether components to membrane

27
Q

What are the 3 components of the neuronal cytoskeleon?

A

Microtubules
Neurofilaments
Microfilaments

28
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Structural support 20nm wide
Polymerise and depolymerise to change neuron shape

29
Q

What are neurofilaments?

A

Mechanical strength
10nm wide
Filamentous protein threads

30
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Mediate strength change
5nm wide
Actin polymers
Tethered to membrane

31
Q

What are the different ways of classifying neurons?

A

Structural and functional

32
Q

What is the structural classification of neurons?

A

Based on morphology or number of processes (neurites) coming from cell body

33
Q

What are the 3 types of structural classification of neurons?

A

One process = Unipolar = Sensory
Two = Bipolar = Interneurons
2+ = Multipolar = Motor

34
Q

What are the different functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory (a) = start at sensory receptors
Motor (e) = conduct signals from CNS
Interneurons = Between sensory and motor

35
Q

How are neurons repaired in the CNS?

A

Damaged area colonized by glial cells
Block regrowth of axons

36
Q

How are damaged neurons repaired in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells promote axon growth

Excitable Cells (23 decks)

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