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Excitable Cells > ELM18: Learning and memory 1 > Flashcards

ELM18: Learning and memory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

The acquisition of new knowledge or skills

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2
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

The retention of learned information

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3
Q

What is included in declarative explicit memory?

A

Facts and events

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4
Q

What is included in non-declarative implicit memory?

A

Procedural skills and habits
Is associative

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5
Q

What types of memory is stored in the hippocampus?

A

Explicit

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6
Q

What type of memory is stored in the cerebellum and basal ganglia?

A

Procedural

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7
Q

What type of memory is stored in the amygdala?

A

Emotional responses

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8
Q

What type of memory is stored in the cortex?

A

Short and long term explicit memroy

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9
Q

Which area of the brain is involved in navigation?

A

Hippocampus

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10
Q

What are place cells?

A

Hippocampal neurons that fire at a high rate when the animal is in a specific location in the environment called place field

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11
Q

What is a cognitive map?

A

Internal neural representation of landscape in which an animal travels

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of short term memory?

A

Lasts for seconds or hours
Repetition promotes retention
Labile
No new RNA or protein synthesis

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of long term memory?

A

Lasts for days or years
Consolidated
Does need new RNA or protein synthesis

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14
Q

What is the function of working memory?

A

To hold information in the mind

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15
Q

What are the 4 stages of memory?

A

Sensory stimulus
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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16
Q

What is the basic mechanism of how memories are formed?

A

There are changes in existing neural circuits

17
Q

What are two examples of changes involved in the mechanism of memory?

A

Altered synaptic strength
Neuronal excitability

18
Q

What is Hebbian plasticity?

A

When one axon is near to another and repeatedly help it fire metabolic processes take place that make it more efficient

19
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

Strengthening of synapses after a synapse is stimulated
Causes long lasting increase in signal transmission between two neuron

20
Q

What are two glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA
NMDA

21
Q

What is an AMPA receptor?

A

Requires glutamate to open and allows Na+ influx

22
Q

What is an NMDA receptor?

A

Requires glutamate and glycine and depolarisation to open
Allows sodium and calcium influx

23
Q

What is the mechanism of long term potentiation?

A
  1. Presynaptic changes occur
  2. Increased NT vesicles and increased NT release
  3. Post synaptic changes occur
  4. Increased dendritic area and spines and increase AMPA receptors
24
Q

What is needed for postsynaptic mechanisms to occur?

A

Diverse signalling pathways
PKA
Protein synthesis

25
Q

What is long term depression?

A

When synaptic transmission happens at the same time as a weak depolarisation of postsynaptic neuron

26
Q

What are the results of an LTP?

A

In LTP strong depolarisation will lead to high levels of calcium

27
Q

What are the results of LTD?

A

In LTD weak depolarisation will lead to little calcium influx

28
Q

What are some physiological functions of LTD?

A

Hippocampus dependent learning and memory
Fear conditioning and amygdala
Recognition and memory in perirhinal cortex
Cerebellar learning

29
Q

What are some pathological stages LTD is involved in?

A

Psychiatric disorders
Drug addiction
Mental retardation Neurodegenerative diseases

30
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Loss of memories
Often from trauma
Transient or permanent

31
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty remembering past information

32
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty learning new information

33
Q

What is dementia?

A

Symptoms affecting memory thinking and social abilIties

34
Q

What causes dementia?

A

Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and accumulation of extracellular beta amyloid plaques

35
Q

What is vascular dementia?

A

After a stroke or other conditions that damage blood vessels that reduce circulation
Problems with memory reasoning planning and judgement

Excitable Cells (23 decks)

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