ELM 20: Sleep and rhythms

Question 1

What are some physiological impacts of the clock?

Answer 1

Sleep/wake
Body temperature
Cardiac output
Immune response

Question 2

What are some cellular impacts of the clock?

Answer 2

Cell cycle progression
DNA damage repair
Cell detoxification

Question 3

What are some diseases associated with clock and rhythms?

Answer 3

Affective disorders
Sleep disorders
Inflammation
Cancer

Question 4

What are some ways clock alterations can occur?

Answer 4

Shift work
Jet lag
Health problems

Question 5

What are some effects of clock alterations?

Answer 5

Increased cancer
Reproductive effects
Mental health
Circadian rhythm disruption

Question 6

What is a circadian rhythm>

Answer 6

20-28 hours

Question 7

What is in infradian rhythm?

Answer 7

Over 28 hours

Question 8

What is an ultradian rhythm?

Answer 8

Under 20 hours

Question 9

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 9

Circadian pacemaker controlling the timings of the sleep wake cycle

Question 10

Which neuropeptide is found in the core of the SCN?

Answer 10

Vasointestinal polypeptide VIP

Question 11

What is the function of VIP in the core of the SCN?

Answer 11

Receives input from the eyes

Question 12

What neuropeptide is found in the shell of the SCN?

Answer 12

Arginine vasopressin AVP

Question 13

What is the function of AVP in the shell of the SCN?

Answer 13

Sends output to other areas

Question 14

What is the role of the circadian timing system?

Answer 14

Synchronises clocks across the body to optimise physiology to environmental changes

Question 15

What is melatonin?

Answer 15

Sleep hormone

Question 16

What is the role of the pineal gland?

Answer 16

Receives information about the state of the light dark cycle from the environment
Conveys this information using melatonin

Question 17

What is chronopharmacology?

Answer 17

How much kinetics and dynamics of medication are affected by endogenous biological rhythms
How dosing time of medications affects biological timekeeping

Question 18

What is chemotherapy?

Answer 18

Chemo considers that the worse toxicity a patient receives the better their survival is

Question 19

What is chronotherapy?

Answer 19

Better survival rates in patients who didn’t experience toxicity

Question 20

What is oxaliplatin?

Answer 20

First anticancer drug to do chronotherapeutic deveopment

Question 21

Which cancer is oxaliplatin approved for?

Answer 21

Colorectal

Question 22

How does lithium influence the biological clock

Answer 22

Affects expression of some circadian genes
Causes period lengthening and phase delay of sleep wake and body temperature

Question 23

What are some target conditions of bright light therapy?

Answer 23

Mood disorders
The elderly
Jet lag

Question 24

What are the benefits of bright light therapy?

Answer 24

Improved mood and sleep efficiency

Question 25

What is the need for sleep?

Answer 25

Learning memory growth and repair

Question 26

What are three impairments related to sleep deprivation?

Answer 26

Cognitive Immune system and performance

Question 27

What is REM?

Answer 27

Rapid eye movement Dreaming stage

Question 28

What is NREM?

Answer 28

Non rapid eye movement Slow wave and deep sleep

Question 29

What is sleep stage 1?

Answer 29

NREM 1-7 min 5% total time

Question 30

What is sleep stage 2?

Answer 30

NREM 10-25 min 45% total time

Question 31

What is sleep stage 3?

Answer 31

NREM 20-40 min 25% total time

Question 32

What is sleep stage 4?

Answer 32

REM 10-60 min 25% total time

Question 33

Who proposed the existence of an arousal system?

Answer 33

Von Economo

Question 34

What is orexin?

Answer 34

Promotes wakefulness

Question 35

What is the flip flop model using orexin?

Answer 35

Orexin neurons stimulate different brain nuclei Integrates metabolic circadian and sleep debt influences to decide whether an animal should be asleep or awake

Question 36

What is the role of DMH regions?

Answer 36

Attenuate or eliminate circadian rhythms of sleep wake

Question 37

What is the sleep drive?

Answer 37

Interaction between sleep drive and circadian drive for arousal Balancing