Elizabeth foreign policy

Question 1

Deterioration of Anglo-Spanish relations

Answer 1

Pacifination of Ghent 1576= provinces of the Netherlands called for the expulsion of foreign troops and restoration of Dutch independence
• Threat of French intervention – Elizabeth even contemplated marrying Duke of Anjou to retain English influence in Netherlands
• Divide between the Protestant North (Union of Utrecht) and Catholic South (Union of Arras)
• Duke of Parma tries to reconquer the north

Question 2

Relations with 1560s

Answer 2

John Hawkins, a merchant, attempted to break Spanish trading monopoly in the Caribbean
Dutch Protestant rebels appealed to Elizabeth to help fight against Spanish authority
English harass Spanish – Duke of Alba’s money was impounded by Elizabeth
Excommunication of Elizabeth in 1570, Philip’s encouragement of Ridolfi Plot and Northern Rebellion

Question 3

Spain and Portugal

Answer 3

• Spain annexed Portugal
• Elizabeth supports illegitimate Don Antonio
• Aggravates Philip II

Question 4

Further Anglo-Spanish hostilitie

Answer 4

• Francis Drake is knighted (causes havoc to Spanish trade)
• Elizabeth started treating the Spanish Ambassadors poorly
• Treaty of Joinville 1584 – Catholic League in France and Spain

Question 5

Treaty of Joinville 1584

Answer 5

Philip joins with Catholic league in France (Guise faction) rebels
➢MQS part of the Guise family
political motive to prevent Philip Netherlands
from supporting her gone

Question 6

Treaty of Nonsuch 1585

Answer 6

• Alliance with dutch protestant rebels

- Leicester sent with troops to Netherlands

Question 7

Spanish armada 1588

Answer 7

Short-lived capture of Cadiz humiliates Philip
❖No strategic follow up and Hawkins and Drake died at sea
❖Philip’s further attempts to invade England with an Armada were foiled by the wind
❖A lot of money spent on trying to attack the Spanish New World but very little achieved
❖Essex sent to attack Spain but instead goes to the Azores for booty ❖1597 invasion attempt – wind defeats Spain
❖Spain attempt to exploit rebellion in Ireland – invasion scare in 1599

Question 8

War in the Netherlands

Answer 8

▪1589 – positive relationship re-established through Sir Francis Vere
▪Spanish troops regularly mutinied – overstretched in France
▪Much of the territory lost to Duke of Parma recaptured
▪1594 – Spanish expelled from north of Netherlands. North becomes an independent state
▪Expensive – cost split equally with Netherlands ▪Credit for independence partly attributed to England

Question 9

Cost of the wars

Answer 9

Netherlands 1585-1598 £2,000,000
Armada campaign 1588 £161,000
Crushing Tyrone’s rebellion 1599-1603 £1,000,000

Question 10

France

Answer 10

supported Huguenots in civil war sending 3k troops

Earl of Warwick captures Le Havre and demands Calais annoying Hugenots

Huguenots lose and Catholics won. Elizabeth angered both so very bad

Question 11

Scotland

Answer 11

sent troops to the Protestant Lords of Congregation of Scotland to prevent the French reinforcements landing

Auld alliance broke and new alliance with Scotland