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AS Chemistry > Electrons and Bonding > Flashcards

Electrons and Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the shell number (energy level number) called?

A

The principal quantum number

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2
Q

What are shells made up of?

A

Atomic orbitals

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3
Q

What is an atomic orbital?

A

A region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins

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4
Q

How many electrons can an orbital hold?

A

One or two

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5
Q

What are the different types of orbitals?

A

S
P
D
F

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6
Q

What is an s orbital?

A

An electron cloud within the shape of a sphere

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7
Q

What shape is a p orbital?

A

An electron cloud within the shape of a dumb bell

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8
Q

How many p orbitals are there?

A

Three separate ones all at right angles to one another

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9
Q

What happens to s orbitals as the shell number increases?

A

Their radius increases

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10
Q

What happens to p orbitals as the shell number increases?

A

The p orbital gets further from the nucleus

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11
Q

How many d orbitals are there?

A

Five

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12
Q

How many f orbitals are there?

A

Seven

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13
Q

What are sub-shells?

A

Orbitals of the same type grouped together

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14
Q

How do orbitals fill?

A

In order of increasing energy

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15
Q

What must two electrons have to share the same orbital?

A

Opposite spins

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16
Q

What do the opposite spins of the electrons do?

A

Counteract the repulsion between the negative charges of two electrons

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17
Q

What is special about the 4s and 3d sub-shells?

A

4s fills before 3d

4s empties before the 3d

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18
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions

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19
Q

Describe shells

A

Regarded as energy levels

The energy increases as the shell number increases

20
Q

I which directions does each ion attract?

A

All directions

21
Q

What is the structure of ionic compounds?

A

A giant ionic lattice

22
Q

How many ions is each ion surrounded by in a giant ionic lattice?

A

6

23
Q

Why are most ionic compounds solid at room temperature?

A

There is insufficient energy to overcome the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions in the lattice

24
Q

What melting and boiling points do ionic compounds have?

A

High ones

25
Q

What makes the melting points higher for ionic lattices?

A

If they contain ions with greater ionic charges

26
Q

What is the nitrate ion?

A

NO3-

27
Q

What is the sulphate ion?

A

SO4 2-

28
Q

What is the carbonate ion?

A

CO3 2-

29
Q

What is the ammonium ion?

A

NH4+

30
Q

What is the hydroxide ion?

A

OH-

31
Q

What is the zinc ion?

A

Zn 2+

32
Q

What is the silver ion?

A

Ag +

33
Q

What is lattice energy?

A

Energy required to break bonds (electrostatic attractions) between a giant ionic lattice

34
Q

What is electro negativity?

A

A measure of the electron attracting power of an atom

35
Q

What does it mean if a molecule is polar

A

Uneven electron distribution creating a slight electronegative charge on the atoms

36
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

Because Oxegyn has a higher electro negativity than hydrogen so the electrons are pulled closer to it in the covalent bond

37
Q

What is hydration energy?

A

The energy the water has for pulling apart the giant ionic lattice

38
Q

How is an ionic lattice pulled apart by water?

A

The water surrounds to ion and rips it off by sheer numbers

39
Q

What are spectator ions?

A

Ions which are not changed by the reaction

40
Q

What does hydrated mean?

A

Water molecules are trapped in the lattice

41
Q

What does anhydrous mean?

A

No water molecules trapped in the lattice

42
Q

What are lone pairs?

A

Electrons not bonded to anything

43
Q

Name six different shapes of atoms

A 
Linear
Trigonal
Tetrahedral 
Trigonal pyramidal
Trigonal bypiramidal
Octahedral
44
Q

What is a dative covalent bond?

A

Where the pair of electrons in a covalent bond is provided by one atom

45
Q

Name three factors that affect electronegativity

A

Size
No of protons
“Shielding” (how many electrons surround the nucleus)

46
Q

What is the degree of angle on a trigonal planar?

A

120

47
Q

Why are there different shapes

A

Because electrons need the most amount of space to avoid repulsion

AS Chemistry (16 decks)

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