Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho Exam 3 > Electrolytes PP 41 On > Flashcards

Electrolytes PP 41 On Flashcards

1
Q

Measures all of the calcium (bound plus unbound)

A

Total Serum Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normal range in adults = 9 to 11 mg/dl or 4.5 to 5.5 mEq/L (may vary slightly with different laboratories)

A

Total Serum Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unless a calcium value specifies ionized calcium, it is _____ calcium

A

total

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The normal range in adults = 4 to 5 mg/dl, about half of the total calcium (varies with different laboratories)

A

Ionized Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clinically significant calcium imbalances are caused by alterations in the plasma concentration of _________

A

unbound ionized calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Serum calcium concentration drops below the lower limit of normal

A

Hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fraction of unbound ionized calcium in the blood decreases by more calcium binding to ____ proteins or other organic ions in _____.

A

plasma; hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Decreased calcium intake or absorption

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Poor diet; lack of Vitamin D; excessive phytates or oxalates

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Decreased physiologic availability of calcium and increased calcium excretion can cause ______

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Excessive phosphate, hypoparathyroidism can cause ________

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Steatorrhea and pancreatitis associated with _____

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Decreases the threshold potential, causing hyperexcitability of neuromuscular cells

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Positive Trousseau sign
Positive Chvostek sign•Not reliable in infants
symptoms of _____

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Paresthesias
Muscle twitching and cramping
Hyperactive reflexes
symptoms of _____

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Carpal spasm and Pedal spasm symptoms of ______

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q 
Tetany
Laryngospasm
Seizures
Cardiac dysrhythmias•Action potentials are generated more easily
symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Occurs when the serum calcium concentration rises above the upper limit of normal
Indicates an elevation of the calcium concentration of the extracellular fluid

A

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Increased calcium intake or absorptionMilk-alkali syndrome, vitamin D overdose (includes shark cartilage supplements)

A

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Shift of calcium from bone to extracellular fluid

-Hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, bone tumors

A

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Decreased calcium excretion results in ______, Can happen after taking _____ diuretics

A

Hypercalcemia; thiazide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Causes decreased neuromuscular excitability caused by elevation of the threshold potential of excitable cells

A

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Muscle weakness
Diminished reflexes
Cardiac dysrhythmias
symptoms of ______

A

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anorexia, nausea, emesis
Fatigue
symptoms of _____

A

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Polyuria Constipation Headache, confusion, lethargy, personality change symptoms of ______
Hypercalcemia
26
Renal calculi Pathological fractures symptoms of ______
Hypercalcemia
27
Normal = 1.5 to 2.5 mEqL (depending on lab)
Plasma Magnesium
28
Magnesium ions present in bound and unbound ionized forms
Plasma Magnesium
29
Serum magnesium concentration decreases below the lower limit of normal (____ mEq/L) _______
1.5; Hypomagnesemia
30
Decreased magnesium intake or absorption: chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, ileal resection
Hypomagnesemia
31
Decreased physiologic availability of _______ leads to elevated plasma free fatty acids. This manifests as the condition _____
magnesium; Hypomagnesemia
32
Increased magnesium excretion: usually renal | Loss of magnesium by an abnormal route: emesis
Hypomagnesemia
33
Increased neuromuscular excitability from excessive amount of acetylcholine
Hypomagnesemia
34
``` Insomnia Hyperactive reflexes Muscle cramps Muscle twitching, grimacing Positive Chvostek sign Positive Trousseau sign symptoms of _______ ```
Hypomagnesemia
35
Nystagmus  Dysphagia signs of ________
Hypomagnesemia
36
``` Ataxia Tetany Seizures Cardiac dysrhythmias symptoms of ________ ```
Hypomagnesemia
37
Serum magnesium concentration above upper limit of normal (___ mEq/L, depending on lab) ________
2.5; Hypermagnesemia
38
Increased magnesium intake or absorption: _____, antacids | Decreased magnesium excretion: oliguric renal failure, adrenal insufficiency
laxatives; Hypermagnesemia
39
Depression of neuromuscular function related to decreased release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions
Hypermagnesemia
40
Decreased deep tendon reflexes symptom of _____
Hypermagnesemia
41
Lethargy and Hypotension symptoms of ______
Hypermagnesemia
42
Flushing and Diaphoresis symptoms of ______
Hypermagnesemia
43
Drowsiness, Flaccid paralysis, Respiratory depression | symptoms of ______
Hypermagnesemia
44
Bradycardia Cardiac dysrhythmias Cardiac arrest symptoms of ______
Hypermagnesemia
45
Normal range in adult plasma: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dl (may vary slightly with different laboratories)
plasma phosphate
46
Symptomatic phosphate imbalances are ___ common than other electrolyte imbalances. However, if untreated they can be ______
less; fatal
47
Present when phosphate decreases below ___mg/dl_______
2.5; Hypophosphatemia
48
Clinical manifestations often not observed until severe, until concentration of phosphate less than ____mg/dl in severe symptomatic______
1.5; hypophosphatemia
49
Decreased phosphate intake or absorption | -Chronic alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, malabsorption syndromes, antacids that bind phosphate
hypophosphatemia
50
Shift of phosphate from extracellular fluid to cells | -Refeeding after starvation (includes anorexia nervosa), total parenteral nutrition
hypophosphatemia
51
Increased phosphate excretion | -Alcohol withdrawal, diuretic phase after extensive burns, emesis, hemodialysis
hypophosphatemia
52
Due in part to decreased ATP within the cells
hypophosphatemia
53
Also due to tissue hypoxia caused by decreased 2,3-biphosphoglycerate in the red blood cells AnorexiaMalaiseHemolysis
hypophosphatemia
54
phosphate a major component of _____
ATP
55
ParesthesiasDiminished reflexesMuscle aches, weaknessRespiratory failure symptoms of _______-
hypophosphatemia
56
Confusion, stuporSeizuresComaImpaired cardiac function
hypophosphatemia
57
Increase in phosphate concentration above the upper limit of normal, _____ mg/dl a sign of _____
4.5; Hyperphosphatemia
58
Increased phosphate intake or absorption•Overzealous phosphate therapy, excessive use of phosphate-containing enemas or laxatives
Hyperphosphatemia
59
Shift of phosphate from cells to extracellular fluid•Tumor lysis syndrome, crushing injuries, rhabdomyolysis
Hyperphosphatemia
60
Decreased phosphate excretion•Chronic kidney disease, oliguric renal failure
Hyperphosphatemia
61
Increased neuromuscular excitability-Causes hypocalcemia signs and symptoms
Hyperphosphatemia
62
Excess phosphate salts may deposit in soft tissues Depends on area where salts precipitate May cause aching and stiffness of joints Itching Conjunctivitis
Hyperphosphatemia
63
``` Which of the following electrolyte imbalances result in increased neuromuscular activity? A.Hypernatremia B.Hypermagnesemia C.Hypercalcemia D.Hyperphosphatemia ```
D.Hyperphosphatemia
64
________ related changes result in: Decreased muscle mass Increased fat in internal organs Less body water •About ____% of lean older man’s body weight is water •About ____% of lean older woman’s body weight is water
Age; 50%; 45%
65
________ rate (GFR) is lower in older adults
Glomerular filtration
66
In older adults: Kidneys less able to concentrate urine, thus ____ able to conserve fluid when needed Contributes to ____ larger volume of urine produced at night than in younger adults
less; nocturia
67
In older adults, there is a decreased awareness of ______
dehydration
68
Older adults absorb more ______from antacids and cathartics
magnesium
69
Older adults have less skin ______ even when hydrated
turgor
70
Older adults who receive tube feedings at higher risk for _________
hypernatremia

Patho Exam 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions