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Patho Exam 3 > Electrolytes PP 41 On > Flashcards

Electrolytes PP 41 On Flashcards

1
Q

Measures all of the calcium (bound plus unbound)

A

Total Serum Calcium

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2
Q

Normal range in adults = 9 to 11 mg/dl or 4.5 to 5.5 mEq/L (may vary slightly with different laboratories)

A

Total Serum Calcium

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3
Q

Unless a calcium value specifies ionized calcium, it is _____ calcium

A

total

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4
Q

The normal range in adults = 4 to 5 mg/dl, about half of the total calcium (varies with different laboratories)

A

Ionized Calcium

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5
Q

Clinically significant calcium imbalances are caused by alterations in the plasma concentration of _________

A

unbound ionized calcium

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6
Q

Serum calcium concentration drops below the lower limit of normal

A

Hypocalcemia

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7
Q

Fraction of unbound ionized calcium in the blood decreases by more calcium binding to ____ proteins or other organic ions in _____.

A

plasma; hypocalcemia

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8
Q

Decreased calcium intake or absorption

A

hypocalcemia

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9
Q

Poor diet; lack of Vitamin D; excessive phytates or oxalates

A

hypocalcemia

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10
Q

Decreased physiologic availability of calcium and increased calcium excretion can cause ______

A

hypocalcemia

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11
Q

Excessive phosphate, hypoparathyroidism can cause ________

A

hypocalcemia

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12
Q

Steatorrhea and pancreatitis associated with _____

A

hypocalcemia

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13
Q

Decreases the threshold potential, causing hyperexcitability of neuromuscular cells

A

hypocalcemia

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14
Q

Positive Trousseau sign
Positive Chvostek sign•Not reliable in infants
symptoms of _____

A

hypocalcemia

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15
Q

Paresthesias
Muscle twitching and cramping
Hyperactive reflexes
symptoms of _____

A

hypocalcemia

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16
Q

Carpal spasm and Pedal spasm symptoms of ______

A

hypocalcemia

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17
Q 
Tetany
Laryngospasm
Seizures
Cardiac dysrhythmias•Action potentials are generated more easily
symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

hypocalcemia

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18
Q

Occurs when the serum calcium concentration rises above the upper limit of normal
Indicates an elevation of the calcium concentration of the extracellular fluid

A

Hypercalcemia

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19
Q

Increased calcium intake or absorptionMilk-alkali syndrome, vitamin D overdose (includes shark cartilage supplements)

A

Hypercalcemia

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20
Q

Shift of calcium from bone to extracellular fluid

-Hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, bone tumors

A

Hypercalcemia

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21
Q

Decreased calcium excretion results in ______, Can happen after taking _____ diuretics

A

Hypercalcemia; thiazide

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22
Q

Causes decreased neuromuscular excitability caused by elevation of the threshold potential of excitable cells

A

Hypercalcemia

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23
Q

Muscle weakness
Diminished reflexes
Cardiac dysrhythmias
symptoms of ______

A

Hypercalcemia

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24
Q

Anorexia, nausea, emesis
Fatigue
symptoms of _____

A

Hypercalcemia

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25
Q

Polyuria
Constipation
Headache, confusion, lethargy, personality change
symptoms of ______

A

Hypercalcemia

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26
Q

Renal calculi
Pathological fractures
symptoms of ______

A

Hypercalcemia

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27
Q

Normal = 1.5 to 2.5 mEqL (depending on lab)

A

Plasma Magnesium

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28
Q

Magnesium ions present in bound and unbound ionized forms

A

Plasma Magnesium

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29
Q

Serum magnesium concentration decreases below the lower limit of normal (____ mEq/L) _______

A

1.5; Hypomagnesemia

30
Q

Decreased magnesium intake or absorption: chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, ileal resection

A

Hypomagnesemia

31
Q

Decreased physiologic availability of _______ leads to elevated plasma free fatty acids. This manifests as the condition _____

A

magnesium; Hypomagnesemia

32
Q

Increased magnesium excretion: usually renal

Loss of magnesium by an abnormal route: emesis

A

Hypomagnesemia

33
Q

Increased neuromuscular excitability from excessive amount of acetylcholine

A

Hypomagnesemia

34
Q 
Insomnia
Hyperactive reflexes
Muscle cramps
Muscle twitching, grimacing 
Positive Chvostek sign
Positive Trousseau sign
symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Hypomagnesemia

35
Q

Nystagmus 
Dysphagia
signs of ________

A

Hypomagnesemia

36
Q 
Ataxia
Tetany
Seizures
Cardiac dysrhythmias
symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Hypomagnesemia

37
Q

Serum magnesium concentration above upper limit of normal (___ mEq/L, depending on lab) ________

A

2.5; Hypermagnesemia

38
Q

Increased magnesium intake or absorption: _____, antacids

Decreased magnesium excretion: oliguric renal failure, adrenal insufficiency

A

laxatives; Hypermagnesemia

39
Q

Depression of neuromuscular function related to decreased release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions

A

Hypermagnesemia

40
Q

Decreased deep tendon reflexes symptom of _____

A

Hypermagnesemia

41
Q

Lethargy and Hypotension symptoms of ______

A

Hypermagnesemia

42
Q

Flushing and Diaphoresis symptoms of ______

A

Hypermagnesemia

43
Q

Drowsiness, Flaccid paralysis, Respiratory depression

symptoms of ______

A

Hypermagnesemia

44
Q

Bradycardia
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Cardiac arrest
symptoms of ______

A

Hypermagnesemia

45
Q

Normal range in adult plasma: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dl (may vary slightly with different laboratories)

A

plasma phosphate

46
Q

Symptomatic phosphate imbalances are ___ common than other electrolyte imbalances. However, if untreated they can be ______

A

less; fatal

47
Q

Present when phosphate decreases below ___mg/dl_______

A

2.5; Hypophosphatemia

48
Q

Clinical manifestations often not observed until severe, until concentration of phosphate less than ____mg/dl in severe symptomatic______

A

1.5; hypophosphatemia

49
Q

Decreased phosphate intake or absorption

-Chronic alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, malabsorption syndromes, antacids that bind phosphate

A

hypophosphatemia

50
Q

Shift of phosphate from extracellular fluid to cells

-Refeeding after starvation (includes anorexia nervosa), total parenteral nutrition

A

hypophosphatemia

51
Q

Increased phosphate excretion

-Alcohol withdrawal, diuretic phase after extensive burns, emesis, hemodialysis

A

hypophosphatemia

52
Q

Due in part to decreased ATP within the cells

A

hypophosphatemia

53
Q

Also due to tissue hypoxia caused by decreased 2,3-biphosphoglycerate in the red blood cells
AnorexiaMalaiseHemolysis

A

hypophosphatemia

54
Q

phosphate a major component of _____

A

ATP

55
Q

ParesthesiasDiminished reflexesMuscle aches, weaknessRespiratory failure symptoms of _______-

A

hypophosphatemia

56
Q

Confusion, stuporSeizuresComaImpaired cardiac function

A

hypophosphatemia

57
Q

Increase in phosphate concentration above the upper limit of normal, _____ mg/dl a sign of _____

A

4.5; Hyperphosphatemia

58
Q

Increased phosphate intake or absorption•Overzealous phosphate therapy, excessive use of phosphate-containing enemas or laxatives

A

Hyperphosphatemia

59
Q

Shift of phosphate from cells to extracellular fluid•Tumor lysis syndrome, crushing injuries, rhabdomyolysis

A

Hyperphosphatemia

60
Q

Decreased phosphate excretion•Chronic kidney disease, oliguric renal failure

A

Hyperphosphatemia

61
Q

Increased neuromuscular excitability-Causes hypocalcemia signs and symptoms

A

Hyperphosphatemia

62
Q

Excess phosphate salts may deposit in soft tissues Depends on area where salts precipitate
May cause aching and stiffness of joints
Itching
Conjunctivitis

A

Hyperphosphatemia

63
Q 
Which of the following electrolyte imbalances result in increased neuromuscular activity?
A.Hypernatremia
 B.Hypermagnesemia
C.Hypercalcemia
D.Hyperphosphatemia
A

D.Hyperphosphatemia

64
Q

________ related changes result in:

Decreased muscle mass
Increased fat in internal organs
Less body water
•About ____% of lean older man’s body weight is water
•About ____% of lean older woman’s body weight is water

A

Age; 50%; 45%

65
Q

________ rate (GFR) is lower in older adults

A

Glomerular filtration

66
Q

In older adults:
Kidneys less able to concentrate urine, thus ____ able to conserve fluid when needed
Contributes to ____ larger volume of urine produced at night than in younger adults

A

less; nocturia

67
Q

In older adults, there is a decreased awareness of ______

A

dehydration

68
Q

Older adults absorb more ______from antacids and cathartics

A

magnesium

69
Q

Older adults have less skin ______ even when hydrated

A

turgor

70
Q

Older adults who receive tube feedings at higher risk for _________

A

hypernatremia

Patho Exam 3 (12 decks)

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