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Patho Exam 3 > COPD PP 21 on > Flashcards

COPD PP 21 on Flashcards

1
Q

Type B COPD, “blue bloater” associated with ________

A

chronic bronchitis

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2
Q

Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus

A

chronic bronchitis

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3
Q

1) Chronic or recurrent productive cough >3 months >2+ successive years 2) Persistent, irreversible when paired with emphysema 3) 1:2 male to female ratio 4) >30 to 40 years

A

chronic bronchitis

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4
Q

Chronic inflammation and swelling of the bronchial mucosa resulting in scarring leads to ______

A

chronic bronchitis

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5
Q

Elevated IL8 levels recruit neutrophil activation Elevated CD8 T-lymphocytes Extend into surrounding alveoli prevents proper oxygenation and potentiates airway obstruction

A

chronic bronchitis

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6
Q

Hyperplasia of bronchial mucous gland/goblet cells Formation of mucus plugs

A

chronic bronchitis

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7
Q

Increased bronchial wall thickness associated with _____

A

chronic bronchitis

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8
Q

Pulmonary hypertension associated with _____

A

chronic bronchitis

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9
Q

Pulmonary hypertension in chronic bronchitis caused by _______ and ______

A

cor pulmonale; r/s heart failure

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10
Q

Results in dilation of airway sacs: bronchiectasis Dilated sacs contain pools of infected secretion that do not clear themselves; can cause further infection that can spread to adjacent lung fields by the lymphatics or venous drainage to other areas of the body, commonly the brain

A

chronic bronchitis

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11
Q

Typical patient is overweight Commonly associated with emphysema SOB on exertion associated with _______

A

chronic bronchitis

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12
Q

Excessive sputum Chronic cough (more severe in mornings) associated with _______

A

chronic bronchitis

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13
Q

Evidence of excess body fluids (edema, hypervolemia) Cyanosis (late sign) associated with _______

A

chronic bronchitis

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14
Q

You diagnose chronic bronchitis using a ________ and _______ function tests

A

chest x ray; pulmonary

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15
Q

_____ total lung capacity (TLC) _____ residual volume (RV) _____FEV1 are pulmonary function tests used to diagnose chronic bronchitis

A

normal; increased; decreased

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16
Q

Increased bronchial vascular markings Congested lung fields used to diagnose ________

A

chronic bronchitis

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17
Q

Enlarged horizontal cardiac silhouette Evidence of previous pulmonary infection used to diagnose _______

A

chronic bronchitis

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18
Q

______ PaCO2 ______ PO2 used to diagnose chronic bronchitis

A

elevated; decreased

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19
Q

Atrial arrhythmias Evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy used to diagnose ________

A

chronic bronchitis

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20
Q

Secondary polycythemia used to diagnose _______

A

chronic bronchitis

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21
Q

Block the progression of the disease Return to optimal respiratory function Return to usual activities of daily living are just some goals of _______

A

chronic bronchitis

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22
Q

Inhaled short-acting B2 agonists is medication for ______

A

chronic bronchitis

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23
Q

Inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilators Cough suppressants Antimicrobial agents (bacterial infections) meds for _______

A

chronic bronchitis

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24
Q

Inhaled/oral corticosteroids Theophylline products meds for ______

A

chronic bronchitis

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25
Low-dose \_\_\_\_\_therapy Mechanical ventilation may be necessary for \_\_\_\_\_\_
O2; chronic bronchitis
26
Smoking cessation Bronchodilator therapy Reduction to exposure of irritants done to manage \_\_\_\_\_\_
chronic bronchitis
27
Rest, hydration, and physical reconditioning used to manage \_\_\_\_\_
chronic bronchitis
28
Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines used to manage \_\_\_\_\_\_\_-
chronic bronchitis
29
Type A COPD “Pink puffer associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
30
Destructive changes of the alveolar walls WITHOUT fibrosis Abnormal enlargement of the distal air sacs
emphysema
31
Damage is irreversible Associated with chronic bronchitis
emphysema
32
Smoking \>70 packs/year Air pollution Certain occupations (mining, welding, working with or near asbestos) are just some causes of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
33
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency notable for causing\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
34
Pathogenesis of _______ includes release of proteolytic enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages leading to alveolar damage
emphysema
35
Smoking causes alveolar damage, leading to Inflammation in \_\_\_\_\_\_-
emphysema
36
Release of proteolytic enzymes and Inactivated α1-antitrypsin in \_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
37
Reduction in pulmonary capillary bed and loss of elastic tissue in lung leads to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
38
Loss of alveolar wall and air trapping leads to bullae formation in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
39
Progressive, exertional dyspnea a symptom of \_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
40
Thin R/t increased respiratory effect, increased caloric expenditure, and decreased ability to consume adequate calories manifestation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
41
Use of accessory muscles manifestation of \_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
42
Pursed-lip breathing manifestation of \_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
43
Cough (minimal or absent) Digital clubbing manifestations of \_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
44
barrel chest manifestation of \_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
45
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) for emphysema include _____ functional residual capacity \_\_\_\_\_\_\_RV, TLC _______ FEV1, FVC
increased; increased; decreased
46
When diagnosing ________ with a chest x ray, you are looking for Hyperventilation Low, flat diaphragm
emphysema
47
When diagnosing ________ with a chest x ray, you are looking for Presence of blebs or bullae Narrow mediastinum
emphysema
48
When diagnosing ________ with a chest x ray, you are looking for Normal or small “vertical” heart
emphysema
49
When diagnosing emphysema, the ECG is usually normal and will show high _____ waves
P
50
Sinus \_\_\_\_\_: first sign of decreased oxygenation Supraventricular arrhythmias Ventricular irregularities will all show up on an ECG for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
TACHYCARDIA; emphysema
51
\_\_\_\_ decrease in PaO2 _____ PaCO2 (elevated in late stages) in emphysema
mild; normal
52
Thin, wasted individual hunched forward Using accessory muscles symptoms of
emphysema
53
Decreased breath sounds, lack of crackles and rhonchi Prolonged expiration symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
54
Decreased heart sounds Hyperresonance signs of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
55
Decreased diaphragmatic excursion Chronic morning cough signs of \_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
56
O2 therapy, smoking cessation, and meds like Inhaled short-acting B2 agonists and Inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilators used to treat \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
57
Meds like Cough suppressants Antimicrobial agents (infections) Inhaled/oral corticosteroids used to treat \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
58
Meds like Theophylline products used to treat \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
emphysema
59
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder of ________ glands
exocrine
60
Most common genetic lung disease in the U.S. Classified as airflow or suppurative (pus-forming)
Cystic Fibrosis
61
Hypersecretion of abnormal, thick mucus that obstructs exocrine glands and ducts Median survival age: 31 years
Cystic Fibrosis
62
Dysfunction of ______ gene in cystic fibrosis
CFTR
63
Primarily affects the pancreas, intestinal tract, sweat glands, and lungs, and in males causes infertility
Cystic Fibrosis
64
High concentrations of sodium and chloride in sweat, salivary, and lacrimal secretions
Cystic Fibrosis
65
\_\_\_\_\_-producing glands in the \_\_\_\_tract enlarge in cystic fibrosis
mucus; GI
66
Increased production of pancreatic enzymes, causing ______ fat and protein in the stool in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
decreased; cystic fibrosis
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_ system is also affected by the thick, tenacious mucus in cystic fibrosis
bronchopulmonary
68
Failure of chloride channels to function Decreased flow of ions and water results in viscid mucus
Cystic Fibrosis
69
Causes airway obstruction, atelectasis, and hyperinflation and also decreases ciliary action Provides a medium for pulmonary infection
Cystic Fibrosis
70
History of cough in young adult or child Thick, tenacious sputum
Cystic Fibrosis
71
Recurrent pulmonary infections and bronchitis Dyspnea, tachypnea Sternal retractions
Cystic Fibrosis
72
Unequal breath sounds Moist basilar crackles and rhonchi
Cystic Fibrosis
73
Barrel chest hyperresonant to percussion Digital clubbing (late)
Cystic Fibrosis
74
Pancreatic insufficiency, cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes mellitus, gallstones, nasal polyps, and failure of development of the vas deferens in males are just some manifestations of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cystic Fibrosis
75
Depleted fat stores Steatorrhea (fatty stools) signs of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cystic Fibrosis
76
Anorexia Decreased growth rate in children (wt, ht, head circ) signs of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cystic Fibrosis
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and hypercapnia are signs of cystic fibrosis
hypoxemia
78
\_\_\_\_\_ VC, airflow, TV _____ airway resistance, functional residual capacity in cystic fibrosis
decreased; increased
79
Patchy atelectasis, bronchiectasis, cystic lung fields seen through a chest X-ray with \_\_\_\_\_\_
cystic fibrosis
80
Some typical ways to diagnose \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_include sputum C&S
cystic fibrosis
81
When diagnosing cystic fibrosis, the sweat test looks for elevated _______ levels
Na; Cl
82
Used to determine fat absorption and fecal fat excretion when testing for cystic fibrosis
72 hour stool collection
83
Genetic marker ______ confirms diagnosis for cystic fibrosis
AF-508
84
Aggressive treatment of respiratory infections Postural drainage and chest physiotherapy (priority) Forced expiratory technique treatments for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cystic fibrosis
85
Treatment includes bronchodilators, and Dornase alfa
cystic fibrosis
86
Treatment includes high dose antibiotics (bacterial infections) and the influenza vaccine
cystic fibrosis
87
Nutritional therapy: Unrestricted fat consumption: 30% of caloric intake High protein Vitamin supplements, esp., A, K, D, E used for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cystic fibrosis
88
Nutritional therapy: Pancreatic enzymes Intake of 150% normal caloric intake May need enteral feedings or IV feedings used for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cystic fibrosis
89
Heart-lung or lung transplant may be needed for \_\_\_\_\_
cystic fibrosis
90
˜Demonstrates obstruction of airflow in lungs
Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)
91
ØDetermines severity and diagnosis of COPD ØPatient inhales deeply and exhales as quickly as possible until maximal air is exhaled Also a type of pumonary function testing
Spirometry
92
* Total volume of air exhaled * Time required for exhaling the air is also measured
ØForced vital capacity (FVC) in spirometry
93
Forced \_\_\_\_\_\_volume in 1 second is another popular type of spirometry
expiratory
94
FEV1/FVC ratio \>75% spirometry measure
no significant obstruction
95
Spriometry measure: FEV1/FVC ratio between 60% and 70%
Mild obstruction
96
Spirometry measure: FEV1/FVC ratio 50% to 60%
moderate obstruction
97
Spirometry measure: FEV1/FVC ratio \<50%
Severe obstruction
98
˜A type of spirometry test given is when inhaled bronchodilator (albuterol or metaproterenol) given, repeat test in ___ to \_\_\_\_minutes
15-20
99
Positive bronchodilator response is when * FEV1 improves \>\_\_\_\_\_ * Indicative of partially reversible bronchospasm of smooth muscle (asthma, asthmatic bronchitis)
15%
100
ØMeasures ability of alveolar gases to diffuse into capillary blood ØValuable for determining fibrosis or destruction of membrane
Diffusion capacity
101
ØDecreased FEV1 ØLow FEV1/FVC ratio (\<70%) diagnose \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
obstructive disorder
102
Improvement in FEV1 after use of bronchodilator (asthma) diagnose \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
obstructive disorder
103
ØIncreased residual volume (RV) ØIncreased functional residual capacity (FRC) diagnose \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
obstructive disorder
104

Patho Exam 3 (12 decks)

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