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Patho Exam 3 > Acid-Base > Flashcards

Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

Relative excess of any acid except carbonic acid

A

Metabolic Acidosis

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2
Q

May be caused by:
Increase in acid
Excess removal or decrease in base
Combination of increase in acid and decrease in base

A

Metabolic Acidosis

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3
Q

Decreases the normal ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid because the bicarbonate is used up in buffering excess acid______

A

Metabolic acidosis

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4
Q

Caloric and glucose intake is insufficient
Body begins to use fat stores for energy
Fat metabolizes incompletely
This is __________, a type of ______

A

starvation ketoacidosis; metabolic acidosis

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5
Q

Ketoacids accumulate in blood, causing metabolic acidosis

A

starvation ketoacidosis

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6
Q

diabetes mellitus, starvation, alcoholism are just some symptoms of _____

A

ketoacidosis

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7
Q

Severe hyperthyroidism
Burns
Circulatory shock
due to ______

A

increase in acid

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8
Q

Tissue anoxia
Oliguric renal failure
due to ______

A

increase in acid

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9
Q

Anything that causes a removal/decrease in bicarbonate

due to ______

A

decrease/removal of base

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10
Q

Diarrhea: loss of intestinal fluid that is rich in bicarbonate ions that originate from pancreatic secretions
Gastrointestinal fistula that drains intestinal or pancreatic secretions; intestinal decompression
Renal tubular acidosis
have in common that __________

A

they include the excessive removal of/decrease in base

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11
Q

Headache
Abdominal pain
Central nervous system depression
symptoms of _______

A

metabolic acidosis

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12
Q 
Confusion
Lethargy
Stupor
Coma
result from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ system depression in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

central nervous; metabolic acidosis

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13
Q

Tachycardia
Ventricular dysrhythmias (from myocardial intracellular acidity)
Decreased cardiac contractility
result from __________

A

severe metabolic acidosis

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14
Q

Death from brainstem dysfunction usually occurs if pH falls below 6.9 in _______

A

severe metabolic acidosis

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15
Q

In metabolic acidosis, uncompensated ABG symptoms include
_____bicarbonate concentration
pH _____
_____ Paco2

A

decreased; decreased; normal

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16
Q

Hyperventilation is typical respiratory compensatory response in ______

A

metabolic acidosis

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17
Q

Low blood pH stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors
Ventilatory neurons respond to increase rate and depth of respiration
are compensatory responses of _______

A

metabolic acidosis

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18
Q

Results in increased excretion by lungs of carbonic acid (CO2 + water)
a typical compensatory response of ________

A

metabolic acidosis

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19
Q

Does not remove metabolic acids from body

a compensatory response of ______

A

metabolic acidosis

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20
Q

Does change ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid
Results in compensatory increase in pH
compensatory response of ________

A

metabolic acidosis

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21
Q

In compensated metabolic acidosis, show:
_______ bicarbonate concentration (primary disorder)
______-PaCO2 (compensation)
______ or even normal pH, depending on the degree of compensation

A

decreased; decreased; decreased

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22
Q

Which of the following would be associated with metabolic acidosis?

Central nervous system depression
Increased serum bicarbonate level
Prolonged vomiting or gastric suctioning
pH greater than 7.40

A

Central nervous system depression

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23
Q

Any condition that causes an excess of carbonic acid

A

Respiratory Acidosis

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24
Q

Caused by impaired removal of carbonic acid by the lungs

A

Respiratory Acidosis

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25
Impaired gas exchange Inadequate neuromuscular function Impairment of respiratory control in the brainstem symptoms of impaired removal of ________ from lungs
carbonic acid
26
Decrease the normal 20:1 ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbonic acid
carbonic acid
27
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Pneumonia Severe asthma symptoms of _______-
respiratory acidosis
28
Pulmonary edema Acute (adult) respiratory distress syndrome symptoms of _________
respiratory acidosis
29
Guillain-Barré syndrome Chest injury or surgery (pain limits breathing) symptoms of ________-
respiratory acidosis
30
Hypokalemic respiratory muscle weakness Severe kyphoscoliosis Respiratory muscle fatigue symptoms of ________
respiratory acidosis
31
Respiratory-depressants drugs (opioids, barbiturates) | cause impaired respiratory control in _________
respiratory acidosis
32
``` Headache Tachycardia Cardiac dysrhythmias Neurologic abnormalities Blurred vision, tremors, vertigo, disorientation, lethargy, somnolence symptoms of _______ ```
respiratory acidosis
33
Peripheral vasodilation with hypotension | a HALLMARK of _______
SEVERE respiratory acidosis
34
In respiratory acidosis PaCO2 _____ pH ______ Bicarbonate _____
increased; decreased; normal
35
Compensatory Responses in respiratory acidosis include: _______renal excretion of metabolic acid (kidneys cannot excrete carbonic acid; this is solely a _____function) Excretion of H+ and retention of HCO3− Results in _____ of bicarbonate ion movement of pH toward ____ Requires several days to be effective
increased; respiratory; increase; normal
36
In compensated respiratory acidosis, show: ______ PaCO2 (primary imbalance) ____ bicarbonate concentration (compensation) ______ or even normal pH, depending on degree of compensation
increased; increased; decreased
37
A blood gas report shows the following: pH 7.30, PaCO2 51 mm Hg, and HCO3– 23 mEq/L. Which of the following conditions could produce these results? Psychological distress Pulmonary edema Prolonged vomiting Renal failure
pulmonary edema (uncompensated respiratory acidosis) REMEMBER: decreased pH, increased PaCO2, normal bicarbonate
38
What is the primary imbalance in respiratory acidosis?
PaCO2
39
Any condition that tends to cause a relative deficit of any acid (except carbonic acid)
Metabolic Alkalosis
40
Causes of metabolic acid ____ in base (bicarbonate) _____in acid _____ of the two
increase; decrease; combination
41
Intake of bicarbonate or bicarbonate precursors (acetate, citrate, lactate) causes increase in _______ in _______
base; metabolic alkalosis
42
Massive transfusion with citrated blood Mild or moderate extracellular fluid volume deficit causes an increase in ________ in _______
base; metabolic alkalosis
43
Emesis Gastric suction Mild or moderate extracellular fluid volume deficit causes a decrease in _______ in _______
acid; metabolic alkalosis
44
Hyperaldosteronism Hypokalemia cause a decrease in _______ in _______
acid; metabolic alkalosis
45
*Postural hypotension *Hypokalemia may coexist Bilateral muscle weakness Potassium shifts into cells symptoms of _______
metabolic alkalosis
46
Increased neuromuscular excitability “Tingly” fingers and toes Signs of tetany; may progress to seizures Ionized hypocalcemia (calcium binds to albumin) contributes to the excitability symptoms of _________
metabolic alkalosis
47
Increased excitability of nerve cell membranes Belligerence symptoms of ______
metabolic alkalosis
48
Central nervous system depression: confusion, lethargy, coma Death usually occurs if pH rises to 7.8 symptoms of _______
severe metabolic alkalosis
49
In metabolic alkalosis Bicarbonate concentration ______ PaCO2 ______ pH ______
elevated; normal; above normal
50
Compensatory Responses: Hypoventilation Usually incomplete
metabolic alkalosis
51
In compensated metabolic alkalosis, show: _____ bicarbonate concentration (primary imbalance) ______ PaCO2 (compensation) Slightly _______pH
increased; increased; increased
52
What's responsible for the primary imbalance in metabolic alkalosis?
bicarbonate
53
Any condition that tends to cause a carbonic acid deficit_______. Usually caused by ______
respiratory alkalosis; hyperventilation
54
``` Hypoxemia Acute pain Anxiety, psychological distress Prolonged sobbing Alcohol withdrawal symptoms of ______ in _______ ```
hyperventilation; respiratory alkalosis
55
Stimulation of the brainstem (salicylate overdose, meningitis, head injury, gram-negative sepsis) symptom of ______ in _______
hyperventilation; respiratory alkalosis
56
Increased neuromuscular excitability Paresthesias (numbness and tingling) of fingers and around mouth Carpal and/or pedal spasm Decreases ionized calcium, which contributes to the excitability Increased central and peripheral membrane excitability symptoms of ________
Respiratory Alkalosis
57
I*ncreased pH of cerebrospinal and cerebral interstitial fluid alters brain cell function Can cause confusion or excitation *Cerebral vasoconstriction symptoms of ________
Respiratory Alkalosis
58
Uncompensated ABG in respiratory alkalosis leads to PaCO2 to be abnormally ____ pH is abnormally ____ Bicarbonate ______
low; high; normal
59
Compensatory responses in respiratory alkalosis include: ______renal excretion of metabolic acid ______ of H+ by the kidneys ______ in bicarbonate ion concentration Kidneys _____HCO3−
decreased; retention; decrease; excrete
60
Renal compensation tends to return the ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, moving pH toward normal Because this takes several days and because many causes are short-lived, may not be fully compensated compensatory response of ________
respiratory alkalosis
61
In compensated respiratory alkalosis, show: _____ PaCO2 (primary imbalance) ______ bicarbonate concentration (compensation) _______ (somewhat high) pH
decreased; decreased; increased
62
Primary imbalance in respiratory alkalosis is _____
PaCO2

Patho Exam 3 (12 decks)

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