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Patho Exam 3 > Electrolytes PP 1-40 > Flashcards

Electrolytes PP 1-40 Flashcards

1
Q

A serum sodium concentration below the lower limit of normal

A

Hyponatremia

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2
Q

When present the extracellular fluid contains relatively too much water for the amount of sodium ions present

Extracellular fluid is more dilute than normal

A

Hyponatremia

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3
Q

Etiology factors of _______
Factors that produce a relative excess of water in proportion to salt in the extracellular fluid
Cells swell

A

Hyponatremia

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4
Q

Also called:
Hypotonic syndrome
Hypo-osmolality
Water intoxication

A

Hyponatremia

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5
Q

2 primary causes of hyponatremia:
A gain of relatively more ____than salt, manifested by prolonged or excess release of ____
•Water intake that exceeds normal limit-a loss of relatively more ____than water

A

water; ADH; salt

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6
Q

Malaise and Anorexia are examples of _____ central nervous system dysfunction in _____

A

mild; hyponatremia

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7
Q

Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
examples of ______ central nervous system dysfunction in ________

A

mild; hyponatremia

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8
Q

Confusion
Lethargy
Seizures
examples of _______ central nervous system dysfunction in ______

A

severe; hyponatremia

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9
Q

Coma
Fatal cerebral herniation
examples of _______ central nervous system dysfunction in _____

A

severe; hyponatremia

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10
Q

Serum sodium concentration above upper limit of normal

Extracellular fluid contains relatively too little water for the amount of sodium ions present; it is too concentrated

Cells shrivel

A

Hypernatremia

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11
Q

Also called:
Water deficit
Hypertonic syndrome
Hyperosmolality

A

Hypernatremia

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12
Q

Gain of more salt than water

Loss of more water than salt

A

Hypernatremia

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13
Q

ThirstOliguriaConfusionLethargy are _______ manifestations of _______

A

mild; hypernatremia

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14
Q

SeizuresComaDeath are ______ manifestations of ______

A

severe; hypernatremia

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15
Q

Combination of:
Extracellular volume deficit
Hypernatremia
Too small a volume of fluid in the extracellular compartment and too-concentrated body fluids

A

Clinical Dehydration

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16
Q

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Knowledge deficit about salt and fluid replacement
symptoms of ______-

A

clinical dehydration

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17
Q

_____ blood pressure decrease with concurrent increased heart rate symptoms of _____

A

Postural; dehydration

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18
Q

Lightheadedness, dizziness, or _____ on standing symptoms of ______

A

syncope; dehydration

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19
Q

______neck veins when supine or neck veins that _____during inspiration (older children and adults) symptoms of _____

A

Flat; collapse; dehydration

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20
Q

Sunken _____ (infants) symptom of ____

A

fontanel; dehydration

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21
Q

Rapid, thready pulse
Sudden weight loss
symptoms of ______

A

dehydration

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22
Q

Decreased skin turgor
Dryness of oral mucous membranes
symptoms of _____-

A

dehydration

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23
Q

Hard stools
Soft, sunken eyeballs
symptoms of ______

A

dehydration

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24
Q

Longitudinal furrows in the tongue symptoms of _____

A

dehydration

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25
Q

Thirst
Increased serum sodium concentration
Confusion, lethargy
symptoms of _______

A

dehydration

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26
Q

Coma
Hypovolemic shock
Oliguria
symptoms of ______

A

dehydration

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27
Q

Excess fluid in interstitial compartment_______

  • May be a manifestation of excess extracellular fluid volume
  • Increased capillary ______pressure: too much volume; from inflammation
  • Increased interstitial fluid _____ pressure: inflammation causes protein to leak out from vascular permeability
A

edema; hydrostatic; osmotic

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28
Q

Excess fluid in interstitial compartment

A

edema

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29
Q

Blockage of lymphatic drainage: lymphedema; frequently localized

A

edema

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30
Q

Decreased capillary ______ pressure: _____ proteins decreased; extensive edema

A

osmotic; plasma

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31
Q

A patient has edema. What could have caused the edema?
A.Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
B.Overuse of potassium-wasting diuretic medication C.Hypernatremia combined with fluid volume deficit D.Excessive production of A- and B-type natriuretic peptides

A

A

32
Q

Ionized salts dissolved in water

A

electrolytes

33
Q

7 most clinically important electrolytes

A

Sodium•Potassium•Calcium•Magnesium•Chloride•Bicarbonate•Phosphate

34
Q

Concentration of an electrolyte in ____ can different from its concentration in the cell, but both must be _____ for proper body functioning. This is known as____

A

plasma; normal; dynamic control

35
Q

Four processes of dynamic control in electrolytes homeostasis include

A

Electrolyte intake
Electrolyte absorption
Electrolyte distribution
Electrolyte excretion

36
Q

If ____ of specific electrolyte increases, _____ of that electrolyte may increase to normalize plasma levels

A

intake; excretion

37
Q

Similarly, if electrolyte intake _____, electrolytes may be ______- into the plasma to maintain normal plasma level

A

decreases; redistributed

38
Q

Blood transfusions
Tubes into body cavities•
-Nasogastric and GI feeding tube

All methods of _______ intake

A

electrolyte

39
Q

Most common route of electrolyte intake is ______;

Other common types are _____fluids and _____ solutions

A

oral; intravenous; nutritional

40
Q

Essential if electrolyte is to be useful metabolically

A

electrolyte absorption

41
Q

Electrolyte absorption depends on ____gradients and ______ proteins

A

concentration; binding

42
Q

Electrolyte absorption depends on docents of _____ tract and _____ of intestinal content

A

GI; pH

43
Q

Medications
Surgical removal of portions of GI tract
are just some factors that affect electrolyte _____

A

absorption

44
Q

Concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions are higher _____ cells

A

inside

45
Q

______ fluid contains higher concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions

A

extracellular

46
Q

Electrolyte distribution is primarily affected by which 3 hormones?

A

Epinephrine
Insulin
Parathyroid hormone

47
Q

Occurs through urine, feces, sweat

Influenced by hormones

A

electrolyte excretion

48
Q

Rate of renal tubular fluid flow
Medications
affect _______

A

electrolyte excretion

49
Q

Exit of electrolytes from the body through routes other than urine, feces, sweat are ______. This may occur through _____ procedures and affects electrolyte ____

A

abnormal; therapeutic; homeostasis

50
Q

VomitingNasogastric suctionParacentesis

are abnormal routes for _______

A

electrolyte loss

51
Q

HemodialysisWound drainageFistula drainage are abnormal routes for ______

A

electrolyte loss

52
Q

Increased intakeIncreased absorptionShift into extracellular fluidDecreased excretion
the following can cause ________

A

electrolyte excess

53
Q

Decreased intakeDecreased absorptionShift into electrolyte poolsIncreased excretionLoss through abnormal route
the following can cause _____

A

electrolyte deficit

54
Q

Normal concentration of plasma potassium

A

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

55
Q

Plasma concentration higher in _____. But mostly _____cell

A

neonates; inside

56
Q

Decreased potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid

A

hypokalemia

57
Q

Decreased intake: usually in conditions that cause a decreased oral intake
Shift into the cell
etiology of ______

A

hypokalemia

58
Q

Increased _____: usually _____ but can be through feces, sweat, GI tract (emesis, diarrhea), diuretics leads to hypokalemia

A

excretion; renal

59
Q

Altered smooth, skeletal, cardiac muscle function due to changes in resting membrane potential (hyperpolarization) can lead to ______

A

hypokalemia

60
Q

Distention•
Diminished bowel sounds
_____ symptoms of ____

A

abdominal; hypokalemia

61
Q

Paralytic ileus an _____ symptom of _____

A

abdominal; hypokalemia

62
Q

Bilateral muscle weakness; usually begins in legs a ______symptom of ____

A

skeletal; hypokalemia

63
Q

Respiratory paralysis a ______ symptom of ______

A

skeletal; hypokalemia

64
Q

Ectopic beats•
Alterations in conduction
•Dysrhythmias may be severe enough to cause sudden cardiac death
are ______ symptoms of _____

A

cardiac; hypokalemia

65
Q

polyuria (large amounts of urine) a symptom of ______

A

hypokalemia

66
Q

Rise of serum potassium above 5 mEq/L (depending on lab)

A

Hyperkalemia

67
Q

Increased potassium intake: rapid or excessive IV infusion

A

hyperkalemia

68
Q

Shift of potassium from cells to extracellular fluid: acidosis, crushing injuries

A

hyperkalemia

69
Q

Decreased potassium excretion: oliguria, potassium-sparing diuretics, drugs that reduce aldosterone effects or are nephrotoxic

A

hyperkalemia

70
Q

Muscle dysfunction due to changes in resting membrane potential (hypopolarization)

A

hyperkalemia

71
Q

Intestinal cramping, diarrhea are _____ symptoms of _______

A

early/mild; hyperkalemia

72
Q

Muscle weakness: ascending, beginning in lower extremities are ______ symptoms of ______

A

late/more severe; hyperkalemia

73
Q

Cardiac dysrhythmias and even cardiac arrest are symptoms of ______

A

hyperkalemia

74
Q

albumin is bound to ___

A

plasma proteins

75
Q

citrate is bound to ____

A

organic ions

76
Q

Only _______ calcium is physiologically active

A

free ionized

Patho Exam 3 (12 decks)

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