Electrolytes PP 1-40

Question 1

A serum sodium concentration below the lower limit of normal

Answer 1

Hyponatremia

Question 2

When present the extracellular fluid contains relatively too much water for the amount of sodium ions present

Extracellular fluid is more dilute than normal

Answer 2

Hyponatremia

Question 3

Etiology factors of _______
Factors that produce a relative excess of water in proportion to salt in the extracellular fluid
Cells swell

Answer 3

Hyponatremia

Question 4

Also called:
Hypotonic syndrome
Hypo-osmolality
Water intoxication

Answer 4

Hyponatremia

Question 5

2 primary causes of hyponatremia:
A gain of relatively more ____than salt, manifested by prolonged or excess release of ____
•Water intake that exceeds normal limit-a loss of relatively more ____than water

Answer 5

water; ADH; salt

Question 6

Malaise and Anorexia are examples of _____ central nervous system dysfunction in _____

Answer 6

mild; hyponatremia

Question 7

Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
examples of ______ central nervous system dysfunction in ________

Answer 7

mild; hyponatremia

Question 8

Confusion
Lethargy
Seizures
examples of _______ central nervous system dysfunction in ______

Answer 8

severe; hyponatremia

Question 9

Coma
Fatal cerebral herniation
examples of _______ central nervous system dysfunction in _____

Answer 9

severe; hyponatremia

Question 10

Serum sodium concentration above upper limit of normal

Extracellular fluid contains relatively too little water for the amount of sodium ions present; it is too concentrated

Cells shrivel

Answer 10

Hypernatremia

Question 11

Also called:
Water deficit
Hypertonic syndrome
Hyperosmolality

Answer 11

Hypernatremia

Question 12

Gain of more salt than water

Loss of more water than salt

Answer 12

Hypernatremia

Question 13

ThirstOliguriaConfusionLethargy are _______ manifestations of _______

Answer 13

mild; hypernatremia

Question 14

SeizuresComaDeath are ______ manifestations of ______

Answer 14

severe; hypernatremia

Question 15

Combination of:
Extracellular volume deficit
Hypernatremia
Too small a volume of fluid in the extracellular compartment and too-concentrated body fluids

Answer 15

Clinical Dehydration

Question 16

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Knowledge deficit about salt and fluid replacement
symptoms of ______-

Answer 16

clinical dehydration

Question 17

_____ blood pressure decrease with concurrent increased heart rate symptoms of _____

Answer 17

Postural; dehydration

Question 18

Lightheadedness, dizziness, or _____ on standing symptoms of ______

Answer 18

syncope; dehydration

Question 19

______neck veins when supine or neck veins that _____during inspiration (older children and adults) symptoms of _____

Answer 19

Flat; collapse; dehydration

Question 20

Sunken _____ (infants) symptom of ____

Answer 20

fontanel; dehydration

Question 21

Rapid, thready pulse
Sudden weight loss
symptoms of ______

Answer 21

dehydration

Question 22

Decreased skin turgor
Dryness of oral mucous membranes
symptoms of _____-

Answer 22

dehydration

Question 23

Hard stools
Soft, sunken eyeballs
symptoms of ______

Answer 23

dehydration

Question 24

Longitudinal furrows in the tongue symptoms of _____

Answer 24

dehydration

Question 25

Thirst Increased serum sodium concentration Confusion, lethargy symptoms of _______

Answer 25

dehydration

Question 26

Coma Hypovolemic shock Oliguria symptoms of ______

Answer 26

dehydration

Question 27

Excess fluid in interstitial compartment_______ - May be a manifestation of excess extracellular fluid volume - Increased capillary ______pressure: too much volume; from inflammation - Increased interstitial fluid _____ pressure: inflammation causes protein to leak out from vascular permeability

Answer 27

edema; hydrostatic; osmotic

Question 28

Excess fluid in interstitial compartment

Answer 28

edema

Question 29

Blockage of lymphatic drainage: lymphedema; frequently localized

Answer 29

edema

Question 30

Decreased capillary ______ pressure: _____ proteins decreased; extensive edema

Answer 30

osmotic; plasma

Question 31

A patient has edema. What could have caused the edema? A.Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure B.Overuse of potassium-wasting diuretic medication C.Hypernatremia combined with fluid volume deficit D.Excessive production of A- and B-type natriuretic peptides

Answer 31

A

Question 32

Ionized salts dissolved in water

Answer 32

electrolytes

Question 33

7 most clinically important electrolytes

Answer 33

Sodium•Potassium•Calcium•Magnesium•Chloride•Bicarbonate•Phosphate

Question 34

Concentration of an electrolyte in ____ can different from its concentration in the cell, but both must be _____ for proper body functioning. This is known as____

Answer 34

plasma; normal; dynamic control

Question 35

Four processes of dynamic control in electrolytes homeostasis include

Answer 35

Electrolyte intake Electrolyte absorption Electrolyte distribution Electrolyte excretion

Question 36

If ____ of specific electrolyte increases, _____ of that electrolyte may increase to normalize plasma levels

Answer 36

intake; excretion

Question 37

Similarly, if electrolyte intake _____, electrolytes may be ______- into the plasma to maintain normal plasma level

Answer 37

decreases; redistributed

Question 38

Blood transfusions Tubes into body cavities• -Nasogastric and GI feeding tube All methods of _______ intake

Answer 38

electrolyte

Question 39

Most common route of electrolyte intake is ______; | Other common types are _____fluids and _____ solutions

Answer 39

oral; intravenous; nutritional

Question 40

Essential if electrolyte is to be useful metabolically

Answer 40

electrolyte absorption

Question 41

Electrolyte absorption depends on ____gradients and ______ proteins

Answer 41

concentration; binding

Question 42

Electrolyte absorption depends on docents of _____ tract and _____ of intestinal content

Answer 42

GI; pH

Question 43

Medications Surgical removal of portions of GI tract are just some factors that affect electrolyte _____

Answer 43

absorption

Question 44

Concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions are higher _____ cells

Answer 44

inside

Question 45

______ fluid contains higher concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions

Answer 45

extracellular

Question 46

Electrolyte distribution is primarily affected by which 3 hormones?

Answer 46

Epinephrine Insulin Parathyroid hormone

Question 47

Occurs through urine, feces, sweat | Influenced by hormones

Answer 47

electrolyte excretion

Question 48

Rate of renal tubular fluid flow Medications affect _______

Answer 48

electrolyte excretion

Question 49

Exit of electrolytes from the body through routes other than urine, feces, sweat are ______. This may occur through _____ procedures and affects electrolyte ____

Answer 49

abnormal; therapeutic; homeostasis

Question 50

VomitingNasogastric suctionParacentesis | are abnormal routes for _______

Answer 50

electrolyte loss

Question 51

HemodialysisWound drainageFistula drainage are abnormal routes for ______

Answer 51

electrolyte loss

Question 52

Increased intakeIncreased absorptionShift into extracellular fluidDecreased excretion the following can cause ________

Answer 52

electrolyte excess

Question 53

Decreased intakeDecreased absorptionShift into electrolyte poolsIncreased excretionLoss through abnormal route the following can cause _____

Answer 53

electrolyte deficit

Question 54

Normal concentration of plasma potassium

Answer 54

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

Question 55

Plasma concentration higher in _____. But mostly _____cell

Answer 55

neonates; inside

Question 56

Decreased potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid

Answer 56

hypokalemia

Question 57

Decreased intake: usually in conditions that cause a decreased oral intake Shift into the cell etiology of ______

Answer 57

hypokalemia

Question 58

Increased _____: usually _____ but can be through feces, sweat, GI tract (emesis, diarrhea), diuretics leads to hypokalemia

Answer 58

excretion; renal

Question 59

Altered smooth, skeletal, cardiac muscle function due to changes in resting membrane potential (hyperpolarization) can lead to ______

Answer 59

hypokalemia

Question 60

Distention• Diminished bowel sounds _____ symptoms of ____

Answer 60

abdominal; hypokalemia

Question 61

Paralytic ileus an _____ symptom of _____

Answer 61

abdominal; hypokalemia

Question 62

Bilateral muscle weakness; usually begins in legs a ______symptom of ____

Answer 62

skeletal; hypokalemia

Question 63

Respiratory paralysis a ______ symptom of ______

Answer 63

skeletal; hypokalemia

Question 64

Ectopic beats• Alterations in conduction •Dysrhythmias may be severe enough to cause sudden cardiac death are ______ symptoms of _____

Answer 64

cardiac; hypokalemia

Question 65

polyuria (large amounts of urine) a symptom of ______

Answer 65

hypokalemia

Question 66

Rise of serum potassium above 5 mEq/L (depending on lab)

Answer 66

Hyperkalemia

Question 67

Increased potassium intake: rapid or excessive IV infusion

Answer 67

hyperkalemia

Question 68

Shift of potassium from cells to extracellular fluid: acidosis, crushing injuries

Answer 68

hyperkalemia

Question 69

Decreased potassium excretion: oliguria, potassium-sparing diuretics, drugs that reduce aldosterone effects or are nephrotoxic

Answer 69

hyperkalemia

Question 70

Muscle dysfunction due to changes in resting membrane potential (hypopolarization)

Answer 70

hyperkalemia

Question 71

Intestinal cramping, diarrhea are _____ symptoms of _______

Answer 71

early/mild; hyperkalemia

Question 72

Muscle weakness: ascending, beginning in lower extremities are ______ symptoms of ______

Answer 72

late/more severe; hyperkalemia

Question 73

Cardiac dysrhythmias and even cardiac arrest are symptoms of ______

Answer 73

hyperkalemia

Question 74

albumin is bound to ___

Answer 74

plasma proteins

Question 75

citrate is bound to ____

Answer 75

organic ions

Question 76

Only _______ calcium is physiologically active

Answer 76

free ionized