Electrolyes

Question 0

Potassium

Answer 0

Hypo: U waves, flattened T waves, arrhythmia, muscle weakness
Hyper: wide QRS, peaked T waves, arrhythmia, muscle weakness

Outward K shift: dig, hyperosmolarity, insulin deficiency, cell lysis, acidosis, beta adrenergic antag.

Inward K shift: hypoosmolarity, insulin, alkalosis, beta agonist

Question 1

Sodium

Answer 1

Hypo: nausea, malaise, seizure, coma
Hyper: irritability, stupor, coma

Rapid correction if hyponatremia can lead to central pontine myelinolysis

Question 2

Calcium

Answer 2

Hypo: tetany, seizures, prolongs QT
Hyper: “stones, bones, groans, psych overtones”; renal stones, bone pain, abdominal pain, anxiety, AMS, shortens QT

Question 3

Magnesium

Answer 3

Hypo: tetany, arrhythmia
Hyper: decreased DTRs, lethargy, bradycardia, hypoTN, cardiac arrest, hypoCa

Question 4

Phosphate

Answer 4

Hypo: bone loss, osteomalacia
Hyper: renal stones, metastatic calcifications, hypocalcemia