EKG Flashcards
Sinus rhythm
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Junctional rhythm
Junctional tachycardia
Supraventricular tachycardia
Premature atrial contraction
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Premature ventricular contraction
1st degree AVB
2nd degree, Type I
2nd degree, Type II
3rd degree AVB
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
Normal P wave duration
Duration < 0.12 seconds
Normal QRS duration
<0.12 seconds
Normal PR intverval duration
0.10-0.20
Normal SA node rhythm
60-100 bpm
Normal AV node rhythm
40-60 bpm
Normal bundle of His rhythm
40-60 bpm
Normal bundle branch and Purkinje fibers rhythm
20-40 bpm
The AV node delays conduction by ____
0.1 sec
What are the 2 types of cardiac cells?
Pacemaker and contractile cells
_______ cells make up the bulk of the myocardium
contractile
_______ is the heart’s ability to generate its own spontaneous action potentials without any external stimuli
automaticity
________ is the reflex that can cause vagal stimulation by pushing too hard on a mask
occulocardiac
Sevoflurane can cause _________ in infants
bradycardia
Desflurane can cause what cardiac arrhythmia during induction?
prolonged QT
Purkinje fibers are _____ sensitive to hyperkalemia. You can see this by what on the EKG?
Less sensitive, initial part of QRS unchanged
Hyperkalemia causes what EKG changes?
Tall tented T waves
QRS widening
Fusion of QRS-T
Loss of ST segment
P-waves widened and low amplitude
Hypokalemia causes what EKG changes?
ST depression and flattening of the T wave
Negative T waves
U-wave may be visible (small wave after T wave)
Hypercalcemia causes what EKG changes?
Mild: broad based tall peaking T waves
Severe: extremely wide QRS
low R-wave
disappearance of p waves
Tall peaking T waves
Hypocalcemia causes what EKG changes?
Narrowing of QRS complex
Reduced PR interval
T wave flattening and inversion
Prolongation of the QT-interval
Prominent U-wave
Prolonged ST and ST-depression
Where can the Osborne wave be seen?
Positive deflection seen at the J-point in precordial and true limb leads.
What are J-waves most commonly associated with?
Hypothermia
may occur in hypercalcemia
Will appear as reciprocal, negative deflection in aVR and V1.
The Delta wave is seen where on EKG? It is associated with what disease?
Slurred upstroke in the QRS complex. Pre-excitation of the ventricles causing shortened PR interval.
Short PR <0.12s
Broad QRS >0.1s
Slurred upstroke of QRS
Are shoulders acceptable places to place limb leads?
No
Which deflections would be seen in leads I, II, and III in a normal axis. What is the degree range?
positive deflection all leads
0-90 degrees
Which deflections would be seen in leads I, II, and III in a physiologic left axis. What is the degree range?
I= positive
II= positive or isoelectric
III= negative
0 to -40 degrees
Which deflections would be seen in leads I, II, and III in a pathological left axis. What is the degree range?
I= positive
II=negative
III= negative
-40 to -90 degrees, anterior hemiblock
Which deflections would be seen in leads I, II, and III in a right axis deviation. What is the degree range?
I=negative
II=positive, mid, isoelectric
III=positive
90-180 degrees, posterior hemiblock
Which deflections would be seen in leads I, II, and III in an extreme right axis deviation? What is the degree range?
I= neg
II=neg
III=neg
no man’s land, ventricular origin
What are common pathologic causes of a right axis deviation?
pulmonary embolus, pulmonary valve disease, severe lung disease, posterior hemiblock
What are common pathologic causes of a left axis deviation?
hypertrophy of LV; hypertension, cardiomyopathy, extreme exercise, aortic disease.
Which lead should be used to distinguish R vs. L BBB using the turn signal method?
V1
What areas of the heart are fed by the RCA?
Inferior Wall (LV)
Posterior Wall (LV)
RV
SA and AV node
Posterior fascicle of LBB
What areas of the heart are fed by the LAD
Anterior Wall (LV)
Septal Wall
Bundle of His and BB
