Assessments Unit 1 Flashcards
What percentage of a diagnosis can be correctly determined from a patient history alone?
56%
What constitutes a medical history exam?
Underlying condition requiring surgery, medical history/problems, previous surgeries/anesthetic history, anesthetic complications, ROS, current meds, allergies, tobacco/ETOH/illicit drug use, functional capacity
What 4 things are BMI used to calculate (per powerpoint slide)?
1 - estimate/calculate drug dosages
2 - determine fluid volume requirement
3 - calculate acceptable blood loss
4 - adequacy of urine output
What is important to establish from a focused physical exam?
The patients baseline (neuro, CV, respiratory etc) in all systems
What acronym is used for an emergent physical exam? In an emergency if you can only pick 2, which do you pick?
A - allergies
M - medication
P - PMH
L - last meal
E - events leading up to surgery
Emergency pick 2 = allergies and PMH
What accounts for almost half of perioperative mortalities?
Problems with the CV system
What is a G6PD deficiency?
The body lacks that enzyme, which the lack of causes hemolytic anemia. RBCs break down faster than they are made in response to stress
What court case established informed consent? Outcome of the surgery?
Salgo v Leland Stanford Jr. University Board of Trustees. An aortogram left the pt paralyzed
What surgeries carry a high mortality risk (>5%)? Intermediate (1 - 5 %) or low (<1%)?
High = aortic and major vascular surgery
Intermediate = Intra-abdominal or intrathoracic surgery, carotid endarterectomy, head/neck surgery
Low = ambulatory, breast, endoscopic, cataract, skin, urologic, orthopedic
What is the goal of METs?
greater than 4
Define emergency, urgent and time-sensitive surgeries
Emergent = life or limb would be threatened if surgery did not proceed within 6 hours
Urgent = life or limb would be threatened if surgery did not proceed within 6 - 24 hours
Time-sensitive = delays exceeding 1 - 6 weeks would adversely affect patient outcomes
What are Saklad’s 5 degrees of ASA PS grading of operative risk?
1 - Pt’s physical state
2 - the surgical procedure
3 - the ability/skill of the surgeon
4 - attention to post-op care
5 - past experience of the anesthetist in similar circumstances
Define: GA, IV/monitored sedation, Regional and Local anesthesia
GA = total LOC, ET or LMA, major surgeries
IV/Monitored = LOC ranges, drowsy to deep sleep. NC or face mask, requires vigilant observation
Regional = numbs a large part of the body using a local anesthetic (epidural or spinal), good for child birth or a hip replacement
Local = one-time injection that numbs a small area. Such as a biopsy
What agents most commonly have side effects in anesthesia?
Neuromuscular blockers, latex, antibiotics, chlorhexidine and opioids
What medications do you continue prior to surgery?
HTN meds (excepts ACEs and ARBs), BBs, anti-depressants, anxiolytics, TCAs (get an EKG), thyroid meds, oral contraceptives (unless they are at high risk of thrombosis, then dc 4 weeks prior), eye drops, Gerd, opioids, anti-convulsants, asthma, corticosteroids, statins, ASA (if they had prior PCI or high grade ischemic disease) COX and MAOIs (avoid demerol and ephedrine)
What medications do you DC prior to surgery?
ASA, P2Y12 (plavix, prasugrel, ticlopidine) 5-10days, topical meds (day of) diuretics (except HCTZ), sildenafil, NSAIDs, Warfarin, post-menopausal HRT, non-insulin anti-diabetics (day of), short acting insulin (if insulin pump, keep it going), long acting insulin (type 1 = take 1/3 usual dose, type 2 = take none or up to half usual dose)
Echinacea effects?
Activates immune system, may decrease effectiveness of immunosuppressants and allergy concerns. No data about need to DC prior to surgery
Ephedra effects?
Increase HR/BP. Increase risk of stroke/tachycardia. Long term use can cause hemodynamic instability d/t decreased catecholamines. Stop 24 hours before
Garlic/Ginseng/Ginger/Ginkgo/Green tea effects?
All have change coagulation. G for bleeding. No data for ginger. Stop garlic /ginseng 7 days before, stop ginkgo 36 hours
Kava effects?
sedative, anxiolytic. Stop 24 hours before
Saw Palmetto
May increase bleeding risk, no data on when to stop
St Johns wort
Helps with depression. Linked with delayed emergence, stop 5 days before
Valeria
Sedation, may increase anesthetic requirements. No data on when to stop
Goals of premedication aspiration prevention?
Less than 25 ml in the stomach and a pH greater than 2.5
What are the risk factors for PONV via the Apfel score? Koivuranta score?
Apfel = Female, hx of PONV, non-smoking status, post-op opioids,
Koi = Female, hx of PONV, non-smoking status, Age less than 50, duration of surgery
Meds that can help prevent PONV?
Scopolamine (watch for dry mouth), Lyrica (MOA unclear), Ondansetron (prevention, not treatment), Phenergan, Dexamethasone
Most common antibiotics and dosages?
Ancef (2-3 g, 30 mg/kg in peds, give q4h over 30 min)
Clindamycin (900 mg, 10 mg/kg in peds, give q6h over 30 - 60 min)
-for MRSA
Vancomycin (15 mg/kg in adults/peds, infuse 15 mg/min
-for MRSA
What should be conducted prior to administration of any mind-altering substance?
An anesthesia timeout, pt name, age, sex, hospital name, MRN, source of history and time of admission
What must be kept in mind regarding temperature in critically ill patients?
Core temperature will likely be different than a temporal/axillary temperature and can affect the temperature which can affect the QI measure
What is anthropometry?
The scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body
What areas can be used for a BP measurement?
Radial, PT/DP, brachial and popliteal. Any of these spots can be used for an arterial line too
What risks are involved with a rectal temperature?
Perforation, and avoid in uncooperative or immuno-suppressed patients
Define a pack year for a smoker
1 PPD x 365 days = 1 pack year. Anyone with 55 years or older with a 30+ PPD history = high risk lung cancer
What is the leading cause of beta blocker OD?
Accidental excess intake, particularly with the elderly
What is mediate or indirect percussion used to evaluate?
The abdomen and thorax
What is percussion used to evaluate for?
The presence of air or fluid in body tissues
What is immediate percussion used to evaluate?
The sinus or an infant thorax
What is fist percussion used to evaluate?
The back and kidney
What is circumoral cyanosis?
Blue-ish discoloration around the mouth and NOT on the lips. It is not harmful and should go away with gentle external warming
What are some common causes of jaundice?
Acute inflammation of the liver, inflammation or obstruction of the bile duct, hemolytic anemia, Cholestasis, and pseudo-jaundice (harmless, results from excess of beta-carotene - eating large amounts of carrot, pumpkin or melon)
What are some genetic causes of jaundice?
Crigler-Najjar syndrome - inherited condition that impairs an enzyme responsible for processing bilirubin
Gilberts syndrome - inherited condition that impairs the ability to excrete bile
Dubin-Johnson syndrome - inherited form of chronic jaundice that prevents conjugated bilirubin from being secreted from the cells of the liver
Describe the physiology of Vitiligo
An auto-immune issue where the melanocytes are attacked. Generally shows up after a triggering event like a cut, scrape or bruise
What are “raccoon eyes”?
Battles sign - symptom of a basilar skull fracture
Causes of petechiae?
Prolonged straining, medications, infectious disease, leukemia, thrombocytopenia
Suspect cause of unilateral edema? Bilateral?
Uni = think clot, parasite or injury
Bilat = suspect a central issue such as CHF or systemic infection
What is Koilonychia?
Spoon nails - sign of hypochromic anemia or iron-deficiency anemia. The nails are flat or even concave in shape.
What causes nail clubbing?
Generally a cardiovascular or pulmonary problem, such as lung cancer, ILD or cystic fibrosis.
What is Paronychia?
inflammation around the nail, usually due to a staph aureus infection or candida albicans
What do beau’s lines indicate?
Can indicate a wide variety of issues, such as external injury, infection if its only on one nail.
Multiple nails = systemic illness (ARF, mumps, thyroid, syphilis, chemotherapy, endocarditis, melanoma, DM, pneumonia, scarlet fever, zinc deficiency)
What are some causes of hirsutism?
Polycystic ovary syndrome, cushing syndrome (high levels of cortisol, either an adrenal issue or too much prednisone over time), congenital adrenal hyperplasia, tumors, medications (hair growth medications, minoxidil, rogaine, androgel, testime)
What is ptosis?
Drooping of the eye lid
Ectropion vs entropion?
Ectropion = eversion, eye lid margin turned out
Entropion = inversion, lid margin turns inwards
What is horners syndrome?
When we paralyze a nerve supplying the eye causing miosis (pupil constriction) and a droopy eyelid (ptosis)
Snellen test? Random E test?
Snellen = this is the letter chart you use to assess vision
E = vision test, you use a capital E and rotate it and you have to visually identify it’s position
Webers vs Rinnes test?
W = Tuning fork on the head and feel for vibrations
R = Tuning fork outside the ear or placed on the post-auricular bone
What does cherry lips, bright red skin and bright red blood indicate? Treatment?
Carbon monoxide poisoning. Tx = cyanokit
How to check biceps reflex?
Flex the elbow against resistance, bend arm at 90 degrees, strike the antecubital tendon and the arm should flex
How to check triceps reflex?
Flex the arm at the elbow, bring arm across the chest and strike the tendon behind the elbow, arm should extend
How to check patellar reflex?
Hammer test on the knee, make sure patient is sitting freely
How to check plantar relfex?
lie supine, feet relaxed and stroke the sole of their foot, the toes should flex
How to check gluteal reflex?
Side lying, spread the cheeks and stimulate the perineal area, sphincter should contract
Describe the romberg test
Checks proprioception, pt stands up, eyes closed, and see if they can maintain balance. + test = a proprioception issue
What 3 non-pharmacologic factors can affect a patient perception of pain?
Perceived effective communication, perceived responsiveness of the team, perceived empathy by the team
What makes up OPQRST pain assessment?
O = onset
P = provocation/palliation
Q = quality
R = region/radiation
S = severity
T = timing
How does unrelieved pain impact mortality and morbidity?
Increased oxygen demand, increased metabolic rate, higher rates of cardiovascular/pulmonary complications and reduced immune function
What GA anesthetic sensitizes myocardium?
Halothane
What GA prolongs the QT during induction?
Desflurane
What GA can cause bradycardia in infants?
Sevoflurane
Why can some LA’s be dangerous if given IV? Tx?
Severe bradycardia - treat with lipid rescue
Why are seizure medications a concern?
Because NMBDs lose efficacy if you are on anti-seizure medications
What are 2 hard stops for someone with CHF?
Active chest pain/unstable angina or decompensated heart failure
What is the big question you need to ask asthma patients?
Have you ever had to be put on a ventilator because of your asthma
Why can obese patients take longer to wake up?
Volatiles and injectable sedatives can accumulate in the fat
What are 3 benefits of pre-op evaluation?
Anesthesia is an added risk to surgery, pre-anesthetic evaluation of patients improve clinical safety and minimizes mobility
What are the metric/imperial BMI formulas?
Metric = weight (Kg) / height (meters squared)
Imperial = 703 x weight (lbs) / height (inches squared)
Define the 3 levels of DNR orders
FC
Limited resuscitation defined with regard to specific procedure (may refuse certain resuscitation procedures, make sure pt knows which ones are essential)(try to align with patient goals)
Full DNR
What does a cardiac index risk of 0 through 3 indicate?
0 = 0.4% of a major cardiac event
1 = 1.0%
2 = 2.4%
3 or more = 5.4%
What ABX have the most common causes of anaphylaxis?
Penicillins and cephalosporins
What is red man syndrome?
Histamine induced redness from Vancomycin
What causes the allergic reaction in ester anesthetics?
The preservative PABA - para-aminobenzoic acid
Why would a patient report chest pain as a side effect of lidocaine administration?
Lidocaine can have epinephrine in it
What NMBDs have the highest rate of allergy concerns?
Quaternary ammonium compounds - Sux. Possible cross-reactivity with allergy to neostigmine and morphine
What test do you need to order if a patient is on a TCA?
12-ECG to check QT interval
What is the primary concern if a patient is on an oral contraceptive?
Post-op venous thrombosis
When would you continue ASA?
Continue in patients with prior PCI, high grade ischemic disease or significant cardiovascular disease
When would you stop a Cox-2 inhibitor?
If there are concerns about bone healing
What adjustments would you make if the patient was on a MAOI?
Avoid Demerol and Ephedrine
What is concerning if the adrenal system isn’t working?
Without the appropriate hormone response, the body can’t respond to hypotension as well. Start pressors earlier, maybe give hydrocortisone to help overcome the lack of cortisol
What dose of hydrocortisone would you give for a superficial, minor, moderate and major surgery in someone with HPA suppression?
Superficial = usual daily dose pre/post op
Minor = Hydrocortisone 50 mg IV before incision, 25 mg IV q8h for 24h
Mod = Hydrocortisone 50 mg IV before incision, 25 mg IV q8h for 24h
Major = Hydrocortisone 100 mg IV before incision, continuous 200 mg of hydrocortisone over 24 hours or 50 mg IV q8h for 24h then taper dose by 50% per day until usual daily dose reached
What is Mendelson syndrome?
Pneumonitis in young/healthy people who aspirated under anesthesia. This helped create the standard of regional anesthesia for most laboring women.
How many preventative drugs would you give with 1-2 PONV risk factors, 3-4?
1-2 = prevention with 2 - 3 drugs from different classes
3-4 = avoid GA, use propofol, minimize opiates, prevention with 3 drugs from different classes
What is the risk of PONV from 0 - 4 risk factors?
0 = 10%
1 = 20%
2 = 40%
3 = 60%
4 = 80%
What are some medications you can give to help prevent PONV?
Scopolamine, lyrica, ondansetron, phenergan, dexamethasone
Adjunct options for analgesia control?
NSAIDs, gabapentin, lyrica, clonidine, acetaminophen
What non-CV/Pulm cause does nail clubbing indicate?
If it occurs together with joint effusions/pain, then it could indicate hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
What is the condition where you have little or no sweating? What type of anesthesia can cause it?
Anhidrosis, and spinal anesthesia could temporarily knock that out
What is the first ocular reflex to be lost and when do you lose it?
Eyelash reflex and stage 2
What is arcus senilis?
The deposition of phospholipids and cholesterol in the cornea creating a hazy white grey or blue opaque ring around the cornea. It is benign.
What is retinitis pigmentosa?
Eye strokes or occlusions
What is papilledema?
Compressed optic nerve causing damage
What is a sign of optic neuritis?
Pain with ocular movement
Other than CO poisoning, what can cause a bright red tongue?
Iron deficiency, B12 deficiency or niacin
What can cause a white coating of the tongue?
Dehydration
What is leukoplakia?
White pre-cancerous lesions in the mouth
Where do you find the apical pulse?
Find the 5th ICS left of the sternum and move just medial to the left-mid clavicular line
Lordosis vs kyphosis?
Lordosis (think lumbar) = lumbar spine sticks forward
Kyphosis = abnormal forward curvature (think old people curve)
What does a + pronator drift test indicate?
Disconnect or damage between the brain and nerves communicating to the arms
Signs of hyperkalemia on EKG?
Wide/flat P-waves, QRS widening, tall tented T-waves
Hypokalemia on EKG?
ST depression and flattening of the t-wave, negative T-waves, a U-wave (wave after the T-wave)
Where would you expect to find a U-wave?
After the T-wave
Hypercalcemia on EKG?
Broad tall peaking t-waves, very wide QRS, low R wave, no p-waves, tall peaking t-waves
Hypocalcemia on EKG?
Narrow QRS, reduced PR, T-wave flattening/inversion, prolonged QT, prominent U-wave, ST changes
What does a J-wave indicate? Where would you find it?
Hypothermia and hypercalcemia. It is at the J-point (right after the QRS) and a + deflection in the precordial and limb leads, - deflection in aVR and V1
What is the delta wave? What is it associated with?
A slurred upstroke of the QRS, commonly associated with WPW. It is related to pre-excitation of the ventricles.
Where do the V leads go?
V1 = 4th ICS right of the sternum
V2 = 4th ICS left of the sternum
V3 = Between V4 and V2 (kinda 5th ICS
V4 = 5th ICS left of the sternum
V5 = 5th ICS left of the sternum but left of V4
V6 = 5th IC left of sternum left of V5
What is the Q-wave?
First negative deflection after the P waves, meaning the Q-wave could technically be the bottom of the QRS if there is no positive deflection
What is the R wave?
First positive deflection after the P wave (again, you can have a R wave without a Q-wave and vice versa)
What would a QS wave look like?
A QRS that never goes above isoelectric baseline, making a QS wave
What is the S wave?
The negative deflection below baseline after an R or Q wave
What is RSR prime?
It is when the QRS complex goes above isoelectric baseline twice (think 2 mountains)
What does RSR prime indicate?
Class pattern for a right bundle branch block in lead MCL1
Which is the normal axis range?
0 - 90
What is the physiologic left axis range?
0 to -40
What is a pathologic left axis range?
-40 to -90
What is the right axis range?
90 - 180
What is the difference in a physiologic and pathologic left axis shift?
Phys = a normal variant in the obese or the athletic
Path = a disease process
What can cause a pathological left axis shift?
Anterior hemiblock
What can cause a right axis shift?
Posterior hemiblock
What is the origin of an extreme right axis shift?
Ventricles
What does the LAD innervate?
Anterior wall of LV, septal wall and bundle of HIS/BB
What does the circumflex innervate?
Lateral wall of LV, SA/AV nodes, posterior wall of LV
Chest pain on exertion indicates how much occlusion?
70 - 85%
Chest pain at rest indicates how much occlusion?
90%
Chest pain unrelieved by nitro indicates how much occlusion?
100%
How sensitive is an EKG to an MI? why?
46 - 50%, can miss the other half due to other MIs/NSTEMI
What are the 3 I’s of infarction?
Ischemia, Infarction and Injury pattern
Why are we moving away from morphine in ACS? Good option for pain?
Because morphine releases histamine = BP drops. Fentanyl a good choice instead.
What does a pathologic Q-wave indicate?
Q-wave greater than 40 ms wide or 1/3 the depth of R-wave. Indicates death or necrosis of tissue.
What non-ischemia issues can cause ST changes?
Digoxin toxicity, hypokalemia
Where would an inferior MI show up? Reciprocal changes? Vessel?
II, III AVF. R = I and AVL and RCA
Where would a septal MI show? Reciprocal? Vessel?
V1 and V2. R = II, III and AVF and LAD
Where would an anterior MI show? Reciprocal? Vessel?
V3/V4, R = II, III and AVF and LAD
Where would a lateral MI show? Reciprocal? Vessel?
V5/V6, I AVL, R = II, III and AVF. Circumflex
Where would a posterior MI show? Reciprocal? Vessel?
V8/V9, R > S in V1. R = V1-4 with ST depression. RCA
Where would a right ventricular MI show? Reciprocal? Vessel?
V4R. No reciprocal. RCA
What is the most common MI seen?
Inferior MI, results from occlusion of the RCA
What is the most lethal MI?
Anterior Wall (fed by LAD)
What causes ST elevation in all leads?
Pericarditis
Describe the basic treatment pathway for adult bradycardia
Stable vs unstable. Give atropine 1 mg, repeat q3-5 minutes up to 3 mg. If still bradycardic, start dopamine or epi, consider transcutaneous pacing
What are the monophasic/biphasic defibrillation values?
Mono = 360J
Bi = manufacturer recommendations, usually 120 - 200J
What is the dose of epi in ACLS?
1 mg q3-5 min
What is the dose of Amiodarone in ACLS?
First dose = 300mg, second dose = 150mg
What is the dose of lidocaine in ACLS?
First dose = 1 - 1.5 mg/kg, second dose = 0.5 - 0.75 mg/kg
In adult ACLS, which condition and when would you give amiodarone /lidocaine?
VF/VT. After epi
What are some of the H/T’s for post arrest care?
Hypovolemia, hypoxia, hydrogen ions (acidosis), hypo/hyperkalemia, hypothermia, tension pneumothorax, tamponade, toxins, pulmonary/coronary thrombosis
After ROSC is obtained, what do you start if the patient is not following commands?
TTM = targeted temperature management. Goal temp 0f 32 - 36 Celsius
What is the adenosine dosage trend?
6 mg rapid IVP followed by 12 mg if 2nd dose is required
Treatment for stable regular narrow tachycardia?
Vagal, adenosine, BB or CCB, expert consultation
Treatment for unstable regular narrow tachycardia?
Synchronized cardioversion
Treatment for stable wide QRS tachycardia?
Procainamide (20 - 50 mg/min), Amiodarone 150 mg bolus followed by standard infusion, Sotalol 100 mg or 1.5 mg/kg over 5 minutes (avoid in QTC prolongation)
What HR do you start giving EPI to a neonate?
HR less than 60
Normal fetal HR?
120 - 180, anything below 100 is inadequate
Neonate dose of epi?
0.01 mg/kg epi
Rescue breathing for pediatrics if you have a pulse?
1 breath every 2-3 seconds or 20-30 breaths/minute
At what HR do you start CPR in peds?
HR less than 60
CPR compression to breath ratio in single vs dual rescue peds CPR
Single = 30 compressions to 2 breaths
Dual = 15 compressions to 2 breaths
What is the atropine dose in pediatrics?
0.02 mg/kg, minimum dose 0.1 mg and maximum of 0.5 mg. May repeat once.
What synchronized cardioversion dose do you use in pediatrics?
0.5 - 1 J/kg, up to 2 if needed
Adenosine dose in pediatrics?
0.1 mg/kg (max of 6) up to 0.2 mg/kg (max 12)
Defibrillation dose in pediatrics?
First shock = 2 J/kg, 2nd = 4 J/kg, subsequent is greater than 4 with max of 10 J/kg or adult dose
Pediatric Amiodarone dose?
5 mg/kg bolus, repeat up to 3 times
Pediatric Lidocaine dose?
1 mg/kg loading dose
2 most common clotting disorders in pregnancy?
Factor-5-Leiden and GP6D
What is a SINE wave?
A wide stretched out QRS indicative of hyperkalemia
Per the book answer, what does a U-wave indicate?
Hypokalemia
What is a fast treatment for hyperkalemia?
Give them calcium
What is the most common cause of hemodynamic disturbance in anesthesia?
Endotracheal intubation
Butterfly rashes indicate what?
Lupus
Clubbing of finger can indicate what (pick 4)?
VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis an RV hypertrophy
Pill rolling tremors are associated with what?
Parkinsons
What is Murphy’s sign?
RUQ pain indicating cholecystitis
What vision change accompanies glaucoma and meds to avoid?
Tunnel vision and anti-cholinergics (atropine, sux)
What is Levine’s sign?
Clutching of the chest in response to an MI
What is Leoning’s face?
Leprosy
What is Ludwig’s angina?
Infection of the neck tissue
What is chipmunk face associated with?
Bulimia Nervosa
What is spider angioma associated with?
Liver cirrhosis
Pyloric stenosis is associated with what shape of mass?
Olive
Hyperthyroidism is associated with what ocular change?
Exopthalmus
What physical feature is commonly associated with Cushing syndrome?
Buffalo hump
Rice water stool is commonly found with what illness?
Cholera -> NS invented to treat cholera
What is Cullen’s sign?
Bluish periumbilical discoloration associated with appendicitis
What is McBurney’s point?
The RLQ, and rebound tenderness (more pain when pressure is released off the abdomen) here is associated with appendicitis
Icteric sclera is associated with what?
Hepatitis (Icteric = jaundice)
Addison’s disease or adrenal insufficiency is associated with what color skin?
Bronze
What condition results in wheezing on inspiration?
Asthma
MG results in what facial condition?
Ptosis
What are 2 common findings with hyper thyroidism?
Exophthalmos and tachycardia
What medication must be avoided in adrenal insuffiecency?
Etomidate
What is Kernig’s sign?
Pain or resistance to pain during extension of the knee beyond 135 degrees, indicative of meningitis
What is Brudzinski’s sign?
Reflexive flexion of the knees/hips following passive neck flexion, indicative of meningitis
What is Homan’s sign?
Calf pain with dorsiflexion of the feet, indicates thrombosis
What is Trousseau’s sign?
Carpopedal spasm of the hand/wrist during a BP measurement, indicative of hypocalcemia
What is Chvostek’s sign?
Facial twitching, indicative of hypocalcemia
What is the recommended lead for cardioversion?
Lead II
Explain how a LBBB can be a bifascicular block
The left side has the left bundle branch and the posterior hemi-fascicle, if both get blocked you can have a bi-fascicular block
What is the progenitor for the anterior/posterior hemifascicle?
The left bundle branch
What are some common causes of LV hypertrophy?
HTN, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, extreme exercise and aortic disease.
What is a common cause of RV hypertrophy?
Severe lung disease, pulmonary embolus and pulmonary valve disease
A left/right axis deviation is associated with which hemiblocks?
L = anterior hemiblock
R = posterior hemiblock
Is a right axis deviation pathologic or physiologic?
Always pathologic
What does the RCA innervate?
Inferior/posterior wall of the LV, RV, posterior fascicle of LBB and SA/AV node
What is the triad to diagnose an MI?
History, physical exam and EKG, if all are +, it indicates treatment for an MI is necessary
What does 2 inverted T-waves indicate?
Ischemia if they are NOT in leads III and V1
What clinical signs suggest a RV MI?
Precipitous drop in BP following nitro administration (common to need fluids), hypotension, JVD, bradycardia, heart blocks are common, and clear lung sounds
Basic difference in treatment of an LV vs RV infarct
LV = nitrates and no fluid
RV = no nitrates and give fluid
Common s/sx of an LV infarct
VF/VT, CHB, hemiblocks
Why is an aortic dissection so dangerous?
It can mimic an MI and have ST elevation. This is dangerous because if you give heparin you can easily bleed out. Nitro could cause extra stress on the aorta.
Describe ASA physical status grading I - VI
I = healthy, non-smoking, minimal ETOH
II = Mild disease only w/o substantive functional limitations. Current smoker, social ETOH, pregnant, overweight, controlled DM/HTN
III = Severe systemic disease. Substantive functional limitation. One or more moderate/severe disease. Poor DM, COPD, HTN, obese, hepatitis, ESRD w/regular HD, moderately reduced EF
IV = Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life. MI, CVA, TIA, CAD/stents, severe valve dysfunction, severely reduced EF, DIC, ARDS, ESRD w/o regular HD
V = moribund pt who is not expected to survives w/o the operation. Ruptured aneurysm, massive trauma, ICH
VI = brain dead, organs being donated
What are the 7 anesthesia red flags?
- bowel/bladder dysfunction
- saddle anesthesia
- bilateral leg weakness
- severe, sudden onset HA
- fever, weight loss, night sweats
- recent injury
- hx of cancer
Differentiate between myotomes and dermatomes
Myotomes – muscle groups innervated by specific spinal nerve; motor
Dermatomes - a specific area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve root; sensory
CT vs MRI
CT - soft tissues and bones
MRI - nerves, soft tissue integrity (tendons, joints, discs)
What is the screening tool for OSA?
STOP-BANG (more than 3)
Snoring
Tired
Observed apnea
P - High BP
BMI > 35
Age > 50
Neck circumference > 40 cm (16 in)
Gender is male
What level delimits between upper and lower neck pain?
C4
How do you differentiate between facet and disc pain?
Facet - looking up pain
Disc - looking down pain
Can imaging detect osteoarthritis?
no
Referring pain follows ______ distribution and the neurological exam is normal
myotome
Radiating pain follows a _______ and is accompanied with neurological signs such as paresis, hyper-reflexia or hypoesthesia.
dermatome
Cauda Equina Syndrome can be caused by _______
epidurals
________ is a rare but serious condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves at the end of the spinal cord becomes compressed or damaged
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Aortic aneurysm can present as what kind of pain?
stabbing back pain
Shoulder pain can refer or can be referred from where?
abdomen/heart
SI joint vs hip pain
SI joint can’t sit while hip pain can’t stand
What is a common cause of hip replacement in young people?
avascular necrosis
What are the 2 congenital hip disorders?
SCFE and LCP
What is fluid-filled swelling called?
effusion
hyperextension of knee can cause what?
blood supply disturbances
