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medical assistants > eighth test > Flashcards

eighth test Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

the main organ of the urinary system

A

kidney

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2
Q

three capsules around the kidneys

A

the true capsule, the adipose capsule, the renal capsule

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3
Q

what are the uraters

A

two narrow and muscular tubes

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4
Q

how long are the uraters

A

8 to 12 inches

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5
Q

urine consists of what

A

95%water and 5% solid substases

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6
Q

when does an adult FEEL like they need to urinate in ML and when do they acually need to urinate

A

feeling it around 300 to 350 ml but can hold up to 500 ml

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7
Q

what is cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

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8
Q

glomerulonephritis i an inflammation of the

A

kidneys that primarily affects the glomeruli

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9
Q

when does incontinence occur

A

when the body is unable to control a unpredictable flow of urine

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10
Q

kidney stones are also called

A

renal calculi

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11
Q

sighs and symptoms of kidney stones

A

intense low back plank or groin pain
possible nausea vomiting and decreaded urine output
spastic pain in the lower abdomen
hematuria revealed by urinalysis

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12
Q

cysts are

A

benign meaning noncancerous

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13
Q

what is the greatest risk for people with PKD

A

developing high blood pressure

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14
Q

what is pyelonephritis

A

a UTI that has progressed is the kidney and renal pelvis

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15
Q

pyelonephritis is caused by what

A

bacteria or a viruses but is usally caused by bacterium e-coli

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16
Q

what are the two most common causes of chronic renal failure

A

diabetes and hypertension

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17
Q

what is hemodialysis

A

filters and cleans the blood outside the body

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18
Q

what is the genus

A

always capitalized

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19
Q

the species is always

A

lowercased

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20
Q

what is a-gram positive

A

bacterium retains the violet color of the stain

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21
Q

a-gram negative

A

bacterium has the pink color of the counterstain

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22
Q

aerobes are what

A

bacteria that survive on oxygen rich environment

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23
Q

anaerobics are what

A

bacteria that die in the presence of oxygen

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24
Q

anaerobes that are flexeblie and can live with some oxygen are called what

A

facultative anaerobes

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25
Q

what are viruses

A

the smallest known infectious organisms and can bee seen only with the use of a electron microscope

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26
Q

the study of fungi is known as

A

mycology

27
Q

what does fungi include

A

yeasts and mold

28
Q

if an infection can be diagnosed on sight by the physician what is the next step

A

further testing will not be necessary

29
Q

culture plates are incubated for

A

24 hours to allow the microorganisms to grow

30
Q

sterile swabs are used for what

A

in collecting specimens

31
Q

after swab is collected in what

A

a sterile container that may or may-not contain culture media

32
Q

when performing a throat culture it is important not to touch the what

A

inside of the mouth or the tounge with the swab to avoid contaminating it

33
Q

a urine spacimen for culture must be either a what or a what

A

a catheterized specimen or a clean catch mid sample

34
Q

a sterile tongue depressor or applicator sicks can be used to transfers what

A

a small of stool to a sterile container for transporting it to the lab

35
Q

patients before a stool sample should avoid what and why

A

consuming vitamin c and red meat for 3 days before testing because it may result in false positives

36
Q

the group A strep screen is a test done when

A

frequently in POLS

37
Q

in most cases samples are what and why

A

refrigerated if testing will not take place within 2 hours

38
Q

at least how many ml are needed for testing for an approprte collection

A

10 ml

39
Q

five types of time specific tests

A

random sample
morning specimen ( first voild)
timed specimen
24 hour specimen
2 hour specimen

40
Q

what should be listed on the label on specimen

A

patents fisrt and last name
DOB
date and time of collection
initials of the person collecting it

41
Q

when should morning specimens be brought into the office or what

A

30 to 60 min after collection or keep sample refrigerated

42
Q

what is the preferred method of a pediatric urine collection

A

attaching a adhesive pediatric urine specimen bag

43
Q

five characteristics examined during physical ananlysis of urine

A

color
clarity
concentration
odor
volume

44
Q

what does turbid mean

A

the urine is cloudy opaque or does not allow light to pass through

45
Q

what does specific gravity compare

A

the density of urine to the density of water

46
Q

most tests can be read how fast

A

60 to 120 seconds

47
Q

what does PH indicate

A

acidity and alkalinity

48
Q

what do normal kidneys produce

A

urine with a ph from 4.6 to 7.9

49
Q

what is protin not found in

A

heathy peoples urine

50
Q

when does glucose spill into the urine

A

when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold which is around 160-180 mg

51
Q

possible problems’ that the precise of blood in urine indicate

A

anemia
UTI
kidney stones
trauma

52
Q

ketones are caused by

A

dehydration and starvation

53
Q

the presences of bilirubin may be some of the first sighs of what

A

liver disease
obstructive biliary disease
nepatitis
mononucleosis

54
Q

high levels of urobilinogen may help indicate what

A

liver disease

55
Q

measures of nitries for detection of what

A

bacteriuria and may indicate a UTI

56
Q

leukocytes are also know as what

A

wight blood cells

57
Q

automated analyzers use what

A

light photometry to test strips which eliminates human error

58
Q

to prepare for microscopic analyses fresh urine is what

A

poured into tubes

59
Q

what is the most accurate what to collect a pregnacy test

A

blood sample

60
Q

most common method for drug analysis

A

urine

61
Q

the chain of custody is a legal document and can invalidate a specimen has been what

A

tampered with or does not have complete information written on it

62
Q

quality control is a system of ensuring what

A

the patients test results are accurate and timely manner

63
Q

before any test the what should be examend

A

the expiration date

medical assistants (17 decks)

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