EENT Emergencies Flashcards
Globe
Eyeball
Oculomotor Nerve
Third cranial Nerve that inner fates the muscles that cause motion of the eyes and upper eyelids.
Optic Nerve
Second Cranial Nerve, provides sense of vision
Sclera
White of the eye, tough fibrous coat that helps maintain shape of the eyes. Hepatitis or cirrhosis cause yellowing of this part
Cornea
Transparent anterior portion of the eye that overlays the iris and pupils.
Clouding of cornea results in cataracts
Conjuctiva
Mucous membrane that covers sclera and internal surfaces of the eyelids but not iris.
Cyanosis can be detected in conjuctiva
Iris
Pigmented part of the eye
Pupil
Circle opening that opens inside the iris.
Dialates to let more light inside
Lens
Transparent structure that can alter its thickness to focus light on retina at back of the eyes
Retina
Received light impulses and converts them to nerve signals that are conducted by brain and optic Nerve and interpreted as vison
Aqueous Humor
Clear watery fluid in eye
Vitreous Humor
Jelly like substance that maintains shape of globe between the iris and cornea
Central Vision
Facilitates visualization of objects directly in front of you
Peripheral Vision
Visualization of lateral objects when looking forward
Lacrimal Apparatus
Secretes and drains tears from the eye
Nasolacrimal Duct
Drains tears from lacrimal gland
From above eye to the corner of the eye
Dysconjugate Gaze
Discoordination between the movements of two eyes
Adnexa
Surrounding tissues and structures of the eyes
Thermal Burns
Fire, burns the eyes
Infrared Rays
Sun, laser burns occurs
UV Light
Welding, causes superficial burns of the eye
May take 3 to 5 hours for pain
Management- Cover eyes with sterile moist pad and eye shield
Cool compress may provide some pain relief
Place patient in supine position
Chemical burns
Acid or alkali substances Management- immediate irrigation!!! Use only sterile water or saline Use a syringe or nasal cannula Irrigate for at least 5 minutes Irrigate for at least 20 if eye is affected by acid or alkali substance
Morgan Lens
Eyed device used for constant irrigation
Removing contact lenses
Don’t attempt to remove if eye is injured
ONLY remove if chemical burn to the eye
Hard lense- use small suction cup
Soft lense- one to two drops of saline in eye, gently pinch lense, and place lense in sterile water container
Conjuctivitis
“Pink eye” conjuctiva becomes inflamed and red
Most often starts in one eye and moves to the other
Corneal Abrasion
Scrape to outside of the eye
Can irrigate or tape eyelid close
Photophobia
Sensitivity to light
Foreign Body
Dust, dust, splinters
Management- If on surface on cornea, remove with soft tip cotton swab moistened
Stabilize object in glove
Cover with moist sterile dressing and cover other eye.
Chalzion
Oil gland of eyelid becomes block and forms a swollen bump or pustule
Hordeolum
“Style” red tender bump on eyelid from blocked oil duct
Glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressure
Excessive pressure can damage optic Nerve
Assessment- loss of vision or blind spot
Eye drops usually prescribed
Hyphema
Bleeding into anterior portion of eye from trauma that obscures Vision partially or completely
Management- If hyphema is suspected take spinal precautions and elevate head to 40 degrees to decrease IOP
Antiplatelets should be avoided
Iritis
Inflammation of iris
Assessment- redness of the eye, cloudy vision or unusual shaped eye
Papilledema
Swelling or inflammation of optic Nerve at the rear of the eye
Patients experience headaches, vomiting, vision loss or fraying vision
Retinal Detachement
Separation of inner layers of retina from underlying membrane
Often seen in sports injuries, especially boxing
Ear
Hearing, Balance, and orientation
External Ear
Pinna, external auditory canal, and exterior portion of tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Middle Ear
Inner portion of ear drum and ossicles
Inner Ear
Cochlea and semicircular canals
Process of hearing
Sound enters through pinna and travel through external auditory canal to the ear drum.
Vibrations against eardrum set up vibrations in the three small bones on inner side of tympanic membrane (malleus, incus, stapes).
Vibrations transmitted to cochlear duct at oval window
Movmenent of oval window causes fluid within cochlea to vibrate
Then hair movements that form nerve impulses that travel to the brain via auditory nerve.
Brain decodes these impulses and converts them to sound
Foreign Body of Ear
Do not remove, just stabilize
Creumen
Yellwish oily substance found inside ear canal “ear wax”
Labyrinthitis
Feeling of vertigo or loss of balance after an ear infection
Irritation and swelling of inner ear affects Nerves of ear causing loss of balance
Management- antihistamine to reduce swelling, Valium for sedative or muscle relaxant
Meniere Disease
Inner ear disorder when endolymphatic rupture causes increased pressure in cochlear duct.
Patients experience tinnitus and vertigo
Oitis
Infection from bacterial growth within ear
Perforate Tympanic Membrane
Ruptured eardrum from blast, foreign Body, infection
Consider pain management
Nose
Filter, humidifier, and heater for air entering lungs
Inside is extremely vasculature
Nasal Mucousa
Shortcut to the brain
Blood brain barrier can be breached by entering the spinal fluid
Makes IN faster route of obsorption that IV with some medications
Anosmia
Total loss of smell
Dysosmia
Distorted sense of smell
Hyperosmia
Increased sensitivity to smell
Hyposmia
Decreased sensitivity to smell
Nasal Septum
Seeration between nostirls
Turbinates
Inside nasal chamber are layers of bone covered with a moist lining.
Air humidified as it passes over the turbinates.
Paranasal Sinuses
Lined with mucous membranes.
Decrease the weight of the skull and provide resonance for the voice.
(Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid)
NPA
Never insert when bleeding or CSF present in nasal cavity
Epistaxis
Nose bleed
Place patient leaning forward and pinch the nostrils
Rhinitis
Nasal disorder common during childhood and adolescence.
Caused by pollen, allergens, animal dander.
Sinusitis
Thick nasal drainage, sinus and facial pressure, headache, and fever
Mastication
Chewing
Hypoglossal Nerve
Cranial Nerve XII provides motor function to the tounge
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Cranial Nerve IX provides taste sensation to posterior portions of the tounge
Dentalgia
Toothache
Oral Candidiasis
Thrush
Fungus accumulates on inside of tounge
Ludwig Angina
Cellulitis caused by bacteria from an infected tooth root
Foreign Body in mouth
Keep in position for gravity to fall out
Epiglottitis
Inflammation of epiglottis.
Can block trachea and obstruct airway.
Common in 1 to 5 years of age
Assessment- dysphagia, stridor and respiratory distress. Tripod position.
Laryngitis
Caused by virus similar to flu.
Not serious unless leading to croup or epiglottitis.
Tracheitis
Bacterial infection of trachea.
Caused by staphylococcus aureus.
Assessment- croup like cough, difficulty breathing, fever, stridor.
Management- 100% oxygen
Tonsillitis
Swelling and inflammation of tonsils usually caused by viral infections.
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of pharynx
