Education- Topic 1 (Paper1)

Question 1

What percentage of Britain’s children attend private school?

Answer 1

7%

Question 2

What percentage of entrants to Oxford and Cambridge come from private school?

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

What are internal factors?

Answer 3

Within schools and education system- between pupil and teachers.

Question 4

What are external factors?

Answer 4

Outside the education system- family.

Question 5

According to cultural deprivation theorists, why do many working class children underachieve in education?

Answer 5

Many working class families fail to socialise their children adequately. These children grow up ‘culturally deprived.’

Question 6

Summaries language in terms of cultural deprivation.

Answer 6

It is an essential park of the process of education and the way in which parents communicate with their children affects their cognitive development and their ability to benefit from the process of schooling.

Question 7

How does language affect educational development?

Answer 7

Hubbs-Taitet al- Parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities, cognitive performance improves.
Feinstein- found that more educated parents use language to challenge their children unlike less educated parents.

Question 8

Summaries speech codes.

Answer 8

The restricted code- is speech code typically used by the working class- limited vocabulary.
The elaborated code- is speech code typically used by the middles class- wider vocabulary.

Question 9

How does speech codes affect educational achievement?

Answer 9

Teachers and exams use elaborate code which means middle class pupils are more likely to achiever higher.

Question 10

Summaries parents’ education.

Answer 10

Argues that parents’ attitude to education is a key factor affecting children’s achievement.
Douglas (1964) found working class parents placed less value on education.

Question 11

How does parents education affect educational achievement?

Answer 11

Parents were less ambitious for their children. This gives them less encouragement. They visited schools less often which meant their children had lower level of motivation and achievement.

Question 12

Summaries parenting style.

Answer 12

Emphasis discipline and high expectations of their children and supports achievement. Less educated parents may have harsh or inconsistent discipline.

Question 13

How does parenting styles affect educational achievement?

Answer 13

Educated parents support achievement.
Less educated parents prevents the child from learning independence.

Question 14

Summaries parents’ educational behaviours.

Answer 14

Educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist their children’s educational progress.
They are more able to get better expert advice.
They can do certain educational activities with their children.

Question 15

How dues patents’ educational behaviours affect educational achievement?

Answer 15

This means they engage in behaviours such as reading to their children letters, numbers and songs.

Question 16

Summaries use of income.

Answer 16

Middles class have more money which can be used to promote their children’s educational success. Working class are more likely to not have these.

Question 17

How does use of income affects educational achievement?

Answer 17

This means middle class children are more likely to have a better educational success as they have more resources. They know more about nutrition.

Question 18

Summaries class, income and parental education.

Answer 18

Feinstein notes that parental education has an influence on children’s achievement in its own rights, regardless off class or income.

Question 19

How does class, income and parental education affect educational achievement?

Answer 19

Parents education influences the children’s achievement.

Question 20

Summaries working class subculture.

Answer 20

Sugarman- working class groups have “different goals” to the middle class.
Working class- fatalistic- what will be will be.

Question 21

What is the aim of compensatory education?

Answer 21

To tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources.

Question 22

Examples od compensatory education.

Answer 22

Operation head start- USA
improving parenting skills, setting up nursery classes, home visits by educational psychologists.

Question 23

3 criticisms of cultural deprivation theory.

Answer 23

Keddie dismisses the idea. Working-class children fail as they are put at a disadvantage by an education system that is dominated by middle-class values. 

Troyes and Williams argues that the problem isn’t the child’s language, but the schools attitudes towards it. Teachers have a speech hierarchy that they label middle-class speech highest followed by working-class speech and finally black speech.

Black stone and Mortimer they attend fewer parents evenings, not because of lack of interest, but because they work longer hours or less regular hours or are put off by the schools middle-class atmosphere.

Question 24

Define material deprivation.

Answer 24

Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing, and income.

Question 25

Summarise housing.

Answer 25

Overcrowding impacts on studying, disturb sleep lack of space, poor housing and temporary accommodation

Question 26

How does housing affect educational achievement?

Answer 26

Lack of focus in school leading to gaps in work.
Less room for development impacts the child’s health, which could lead to missing school for illnesses

Question 27

Summarise, diet and health

Answer 27

Research by Howard- young people from poorer homes, have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals, leading to poor nutrition.
Wilkinson- the lower, the social, the higher the rate of conduct disorders, ADHD.

Question 28

How does diet and health affect educational achievement?

Answer 28

Energy levels will vary with what foods you eat. They may have a weaker immune system which affects your work as lack of an attention span.

Question 29

Summarise financial support and the cost of education

Answer 29

Children from poorer families may miss out on experiences may not have the resources they need. Bull- the cost of transport, sport, books and places are a burden on the family.
Stigmatisation means they may not take up free school meals.

Question 30

How financial support and the cost of education affects educational achievement

Answer 30

They don’t get what the other children are doing. Stigmatisation is when the students may get judged for being less fortunate. 

Question 31

Summarise fear of debt.

Answer 31

Attitudes towards the debt of university, tuition, etc may deter people going.
Callendet and Jackson found that the most debt- adverse students were less likely to apply to university than the most debt tolerant.
2012 increases in tuition fees, deterred students.

Question 32

How does the fear of debt affect educational achievement

Answer 32

This means less people are getting. Deters people away from going to university.

Question 33

Who views material deprivation as more important

Answer 33

Mortimore and Whitley argue that material inequalities have the greatest effect on achievement.
Robinson argues that tackling child poverty is the most effective way to boost achievement

Question 34

Who views cultural deprivation is more important

Answer 34

Cultural/religious or political values of the family may play a part in creating and sustaining the child’s motivation, even despite poverty.
Feinstein shows the educated parents make a positive contribution to a childs achievement regardless of income levels