Education - Gender Differences In Achievement Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gender gap in achievement at GCSE?

A

Around 10 percentage points.

The gap reflects the difference in performance between boys and girls at this level.

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2
Q

How do girls perform compared to boys in Key Stages 1 to 3?

A

Girls consistently do better, especially in English.

This trend highlights the early academic advantages girls have over boys.

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3
Q

What percentage more likely are boys to have statements of special educational needs?

A

Boys are two and a half times more likely.

This statistic indicates a significant disparity in educational needs.

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4
Q

What external factor has improved women’s rights and opportunities?

A

Impact of Feminism.

Feminism has played a crucial role in changing societal perceptions and policies regarding gender.

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5
Q

What did McRobbie (1994) note about the portrayal of women in magazines?

A

Magazines in the 1970s emphasized marriage and housewives, while now they feature assertive, independent women.

This shift reflects broader changes in societal attitudes towards women’s roles.

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6
Q

What effect does the increased divorce rate have on women’s aspirations?

A

Encourages the idea it is unwise to rely on men.

This change promotes greater independence and the pursuit of better qualifications.

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7
Q

What was the significance of the 1970 Equal Pay Act?

A

Encouraged girls to aim for better careers and financial independence.

This legal change marked a significant shift in gender roles and expectations.

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8
Q

According to O’Connor (2006), how are marriage and children viewed by girls in the 1970s?

A

Seen as less important.

This reflects a shift in priorities towards education and career aspirations.

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9
Q

What impact do equal opportunities policies have on education?

A

Feminist ideas lead to teachers being more sensitive to gender issues.

This helps create a more equitable educational environment.

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10
Q

What do Gist and WISE policies aim to achieve?

A

Encourage girls to pursue traditionally male-dominated fields.

These policies help break down gender stereotypes in education.

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11
Q

How do changes in assessment methods favor girls?

A

Girls are more successful in coursework.

This success is attributed to their conscientiousness and organizational skills.

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12
Q

What does French (1993) say about classroom attention?

A

Boys get more classroom attention than girls.

This can lead to disparities in engagement and academic performance.

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13
Q

What are hyper-heterosexual feminine identities?

A

Investing time and money into making themselves ‘glamourous’.

This reflects a cultural emphasis on appearance among girls.

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14
Q

What dilemma do working-class girls face in education?

A

Gaining symbolic capital or educational capital.

This highlights the conflict between social identity and academic success.

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15
Q

How do boys’ reading habits affect their literacy?

A

Parents put less effort into reading with male children.

This lack of support can hinder boys’ performance across various subjects.

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16
Q

What is the feminization of education?

A

Education has become feminised, focusing less on masculine traits.

This shift can affect boys’ engagement and performance in schools.

17
Q

What is the significance of the term ‘laddish’ subcultures?

A

Boys adopt ‘laddish’ behaviors to avoid being labeled as non-masculine.

This can lead to negative attitudes towards schoolwork.

18
Q

What does the concept of double standards refer to in gender identity?

A

Boys boast about sexual exploits while girls are shamed for similar behavior.

This reinforces patriarchal ideologies and unequal gender norms.

19
Q

What does ‘male gaze’ imply in the context of education?

A

Girls are viewed as sexual objects by male peers and teachers.

This perspective can hinder girls’ educational experiences and self-esteem.

20
Q

What is the role of female peer groups in policing identity?

A

Girls risk unpopularity if they do not conform to hyper-heterosexual identities.

This creates pressure to adhere to specific social norms.

21
Q

What do teachers often reinforce regarding gender stereotypes?

A

Teachers reinforce traditional gender roles through discipline and expectations.

This can perpetuate gender inequalities in educational settings.

22
Q

Fill in the blank: The gap in achievement based on class is ______ times wider than the gender gap at GCSE.

A

Three.

This highlights the significant impact of socioeconomic status on educational outcomes.