Economic, social & religious developments early years

Question 1

What years was there an influenza epidemic?

Answer 1

1557 1558

Question 2

How had Elizabeth come to the throne at a difficult time for the English economy?

Answer 2

combinations of bad harvests, mortality rates, high taxation and for many, a significant cut in real wages which caused social instability

Question 3

What was the effect of high mortality rates?

Answer 3

this reduced the supply of labour

Question 4

How was central government left with two rather ineffective mechanisms for dealing with social instability after many proposals to Elizabeth were not passed to deal with the issue?

Answer 4

as instructions issued to JPs and royal injunctions effectively acted as an admission of government impotence.

Question 5

What was the Statute of Artificers 1563?

Answer 5

this was a national attempt to try to sort out the issue of wages and labour

Question 6

What did the Statute of Artificers 1563 do?

Answer 6

• compulsory labour

- JPs to set maximum wages in every county

Question 7

What was an issue with the enforcement of the Statute of Artificers 1563?

Answer 7

the government lacked powers as there was on army of bureaucrats to traverse the country investigating wage rates in every district

Question 8

The problems of ______ and __________ remained widespread in late Tudor England.

Answer 8

poverty

vagabondage

Question 9

What were 4 reasons for poverty and vagabondage in the late Tudor England

Answer 9

• increase in population
• real wages in Elizabethan England was lower than a century earlier
• Harvest failures (1550s & 90s)

Question 10

Despite the impact of religious changes, what continued?

Answer 10

offerings by benefactors to their local counties which was traditionally let for the establishment of almshouses for the poor

Question 11

Before the Reformation, the main responsibility for providing poor relief had lain with the Church. Why was this an issue?

Answer 11

as now the government would have to find alternative forms of relief

Question 12

In what 2 years in the 1550s were acts made in attempt for poor relief?

Answer 12

1552 and 1555

Question 13

When was another ineffective Act passed in Elizabeths reign (as in 1552 and 1555) in attempt for poor relief?

Answer 13

1563

Question 14

It was not until which decade that parliamentary legislation began seriously to get to grips with the problem of poor relief?

Answer 14

1570s

Question 15

Both Northumberland and Mary had sought to re-stabilise the currency, however it was EIizabeth who was able to do so. What was the scheme announced early in the reign?

Answer 15

a scheme for the withdrawal of debased coins and their replacement by soundly minted coins.

Question 16

How did Protestant exiles initially view the Queen?

Answer 16

as the “English Deborah” the old Testament heroine who had protected the Israelites from they enemies. By analogy, Elizabeth would protect the godly from the evils of Catholicism

Question 17

While exiled Protestants first saw the Queen as the “English Deborah” the old Testament heroine who had protected the Israelites from they enemies. By analogy, Elizabeth would protect the godly from the evils of Catholicism, how was she actually?

Answer 17

Elizabeth was somewhat a reluctant “Deborah” and many religious issues were to stem from her unwillingness to fulfil the role allotted to her by her more religiously enthusiastic councillors.

Question 18

What was the fundamental paradox of Elizabeth’s reign?

Answer 18

Her most enthusiastic supporters often demonstrates a Protestant zeal which ensured their loyalty to the queen but which was wholly at variance with Elizabeth’s own sceptical and sometimes conservative approach to religious matters

Question 19

Some of the early appointments to bishoprics were of moderates, such as whom as the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1559?

Answer 19

Parker

Question 20

Who were the most of the new bishops?

Answer 20

they were returning exiles

Question 21

While Elizabeth placed many Protestants in bishoprics which could be seen as a conscious strategy to evangelise the Church of England structure- how was this not the case?

Answer 21

Elizabeth still disapproved of clerical marriage, distrusted preaching and ensured the preservation of the musical culture of cathedrals.

Question 22

The Queen believed the 1559 religious settlement established the Church’s doctrinal position conclusively, how did other Protestants feel?

Answer 22

that the settlement represented the starting point for a process of spiritual renewal- it was from this view that Puritanism emerged

Question 23

What was the 2 developments which defined the character of the settlement?

Answer 23

1. the 1562 publication of An Apology of the Church of England by bishop of Salisbury, Jewel
   - Church returning to the old ways abandoned by the Church of Rome centuries ago
2. 1563 publications of the 39 Articles of Religion.
   - Defined a difference between Catholicism and Church of England

Question 24

What publication in 1562 suggests that the Church of England was merely a position of Catholicism centuries ago which was abandoned by the Church of Rome- suggesting continuity rather than the development of a completely new religion?

Answer 24

An Apology of the Church of England

Question 25

the 39 articles reflected that the Church of England was rapidly becoming Calvinist in its official doctrine but……?

Answer 25

half reformed in its structures

Question 26

How can it be said that the 39 articles reflected that the Church of England was rapidly becoming Calvinist in its official nocturne, but half reformed in its structures?

Answer 26

As the 39 Articles was arguably Calvinist in doctrine, however the Queen was traditional in the sense of clerical dress, marriage and the want for a crucifix in all churches (not implemented)

Question 27

What % of senior clergy in the province of York enforced the new arrangements for the removal of altars, images etc?

Answer 27

23

Question 28

In which province did 23% of senior clergy enforced the new arrangements for the removal of altars, images etc?

Answer 28

York

Question 29

What was the philosophical concept of adiaphora?

Answer 29

this was that some things were unnecessary for salvation and thus could be tolerated

Question 30

For the most part, the 1559 injunctions followed the Edwardian injunctions of 1547 which commanded what?

Answer 30

commanded strict performance of duties of the clergy, the destruction of idolatry and the avoidance of contention and strife

Question 31

The concept of the mid-Tudor crisis rests on the assumption that the reigns of Edward and Mary pale into insignificance when compared to the solid achievements of the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth. The concept was made implicit in the book entitled The Mid Tudor-Crsis by Whitney Jones- what did Jones argue?

Answer 31

that the 11 years form 1547 to 1558 were marked by religious strife, inefficiency in government, economic and social distress and failures in foreign policy

Question 32

Who wrote the book The Mid Tudor-Crsis which argued that that the 11 years form 1547 to 1558 were marked by religious strife, inefficiency in government, economic and social distress and failures in foreign policy

Answer 32

Whitney Jones

Question 33

The apparent popularity of the concept of the Mid Tudor Crisis as an aid to explaining the dynamics of the period is undoubtedly a reflection of what?

Answer 33

the importance of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I who are certainly the most distinctive and recognisable of all English monarchs

Question 34

What book by Jennifer Loach and Titler challenged the idea Jones in the Mid Tudor Crisis?

Answer 34

“The Mid Tudor Polity”

Question 35

Who challaged the idea of the Mid Tudor Crisis in the Mid Tudor Polity?

Answer 35

Loach and Titler

Question 36

What did Loach and Titler point out in the Mid Tudor Crisis?

Answer 36

that rebellion to the Crowns policies and social dislocation were as apparent in the 1530’s as in 1549

Question 37

Which histroian has agreed that the religious policies of Edwards early reign made perfect strategic sense given the Crown’s religious priorities at the time?

Answer 37

MacCulloch