Economic Development - India 🇮🇳 (+ Types Of Aid)

Question 1

What is India’s population?

Answer 1

~1.3 billion

Question 2

What political development is happening in India?

Answer 2

India was a British colony until 1947 but now has a democratic government

Question 3

What social developments are happening in India?

Answer 3

Medium level of development (HDI=0.64)
Large inequalities - some people are very wealthy, but others are extremely poor (20% population live in poverty)
Education is improving - adult literacy rate is 75%

Question 4

What cultural developments are happening in India?

Answer 4

India has a rich and diverse culture
22 languages (recognised)
Many religions (Hinduism, Islam)
Renowned for ‘Bollywood’ which are exported worldwide
Distinctive music and dancing too

Question 5

What environmental developments are happening in India?

Answer 5

Varied landscape, Himalayas in north, Thar desert in north west, and large forests
Floodplains of several rivers (Ganges) provide fertile land
Long coastline, attractive tourist destination - development of ports, Mumbai, increasing trade

Question 6

What is the primary industry like in India?

Answer 6

Employs 42% of working population
Only makes up 15% of GDP (gross domestic product)

Question 7

What is the secondary industry like in India?

Answer 7

2018 - employs 24% of workforce
Growth of manufacturing industries has stimulated economic development by creating reliable jobs
Employment leads to positive cycle of economic growth, workers spend income in local shops, these shops pay taxes, government can spend more on development (education) which attracts more industry into area

Question 8

What are the tertiary and quaternary industries like in India?

Answer 8

Employ 34% of workforce (combined)
Due to growth in IT firms and supplying customer service centres
Contribute to 62% of India’s GDP

Question 9

What is a TNC?

Answer 9

Transnational corporation that operates in more than one country

Question 10

Where are TNCs located?

Answer 10

Factories located in LICs - cheaper, less regulations, more profit
Offices/HQ located in HICs - people have more administrative skills (better education)

Question 11

Advantages of TNCs in India

Answer 11

• provide employment - Unilever employs 16,000 people
• pay tax of about 40% of their income (large profit for government)
• some TNCs run programmes to increase development in India (Project Shakti helps poor women become entrepreneurs by providing loans - 75,000 women in scheme)

Question 12

Disadvantages of TNCs in India:

Answer 12

• some profits from TNCs leave India
• if operations close, jobs are lost (or relocation makes jobs unreliable)
• cause environmental problems (air and water pollution)
• employees get low pay and poor working conditions

Question 13

How have India’s political relationships changed?

Answer 13

• tension between China, Pakistan and India over land around a border - risk of conflict
• built relationships with other nations in region (Act East Policy) provides security
• India working with bordering countries to build the TAPI pipeline to carry gas from Turkmenistan, through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India

Question 14

How have India’s trading relationships changed?

Answer 14

• since 1991, reduced barriers to trade by reducing tariffs and forming free trade agreements with Bangladesh, China, South Korea and Sri Lanka - trade in more important and easy

Question 15

What are the different types of aid?

Answer 15

Short-term
Long-term
Top-down
Bottom-up

Question 16

What is short-term aid?

Answer 16

Money and supplies given to help countries cope with emergencies

Question 17

Impacts of short-term aid

Answer 17

Helps people survive disasters, doesn’t help long-term recovery

Question 18

What is long-term aid?

Answer 18

Money is invested into longer-term projects to help countries become more developed

Question 19

Impacts of long-term aid?

Answer 19

Help country’s development, improving education/infrastructure
Corrupt government could spend the aid on non-important investments

Question 20

What is top-down aid?

Answer 20

Aid is sent to an organisation or government who then decides how aid should be used

Question 21

Impacts of top-down aid?

Answer 21

Projects can improve country’s economy, but may not help the poorest people or be supported by locals

Question 22

What is bottom-up aid?

Answer 22

Money/supplies given directly to local communities so they decide how to spend the money themselves

Question 23

Impacts of bottom-up aid?

Answer 23

Provide help where it’s needed most, improves health, skills and income in poorer communities

Question 24

Examples of each type of Aid sent to India:

Answer 24

Short-term: 2010 floods, UNICEF provided emergency supplies (mosquito nets)
Long-term: until 2015, UK sent £200 million a year to India to improve development
Top-down: Sadat Sarovar Dam provides water and generates hydroelectric power
Bottom-Up: Self-Employed Women’s Association trained local women to maintain and repair water pumps (increasing skills and water supply)

Question 25

Effects on quality of life as India has developed:

Answer 25

• more jobs, daily wages increased by 42 rupees since 2010 (people have more disposable income)
• 1990-2008: access to clean water improve from 68% —> 88% of population
• BUT some jobs (coal mining) can be dangerous or have poor working conditions which can reduce workers quality of life

Question 26

Effects on the environment as India has developed:

Answer 26

• energy consumption increased with economic development, fossil fuels release lots of pollution and greenhouse gases
• demand for resources destroys habitats (coal mining led to decline of Bengal tigers)
• increased income from development means people can afford to protect environment rather than exploiting it