Economic Development Flashcards
Define IMR
The number of babies that die under the age of 1, per 1000 live births in one year
Post-industrial economy
It is when a country’s manufacturing industry declines to be replaced by growth in service sector and the corresponding development of a quaternary sector.
Gross national income (GNI)
It is the total value of goods and services provided by country plus money earned from and paid to other countries. It is expressed as per head of the population
Human development index (HDI)
It is a social measure that links life expectancy at birth, number of years in education and GNI per head
It is from 0 to1 where one is the highest
Map to measure quality of life
Topological
Other ways to measure development
- birth rate
- death rate
- infant mortality
- number of doctors per 1000 people
- literacy rate
- access to clean water
Limitations of economic and social measures
- it gives an average so gives a false picture
Are the factors that may limit usefulness are:
- Data could be out of date or hard to collect
- unreliable
- government corruption may mean that data is unreliable
Demographic transition model
Stage 1: traditional rainforest tribes, there is a high birth and death rate, both fluctuate because of disease, war and famine but population fairly stable
Stage 2: Afghanistan, Death rate decreases, birthrate remained high and so population grows
Stage 3: India, birth rate drops rapidly, death rate continues to decrease more slowly so population still grows
Stage 4: UK, Low birth rate, low death rate, birthrate tends to fluctuate
Stage 5: Germany, birthrate very low and falls below death rate, death rate increases because of ageing population, total population starts to decrease
Causes of uneven development: physical
- landlocked countries with no access to sea, therefore they are cut off from seaborne trade
- Africa, South America and Asia have more climate related diseases and pests than cooler parts the world which affects ability of population stay healthy enough to work
- Extreme weather such as droughts and floods often hit tropical regions
- The lack of adequate supplies of safer water is a barrier to economic development
Causes of uneven development: economic
- poor irrigation limits the development of commercial farming
- trade: LICs sell raw materials which are not expensive
Causes of uneven development: historical
Colonialism:
From 1665 to 1950 almost all the wealth produced went to European powers
from 1950, former europeans colonies gained independence - this resulted in civil wars and political struggles for power continuing to hold back development.
Consequences of uneven development: disparities in wealth and health
LICs: infectious diseases are main cause of death, complications of childbirth are one of the main cause of death among children under five years old
HICs: chronic diseases, such as heart-lung diseases are the main cause of death, only one in every hundred deaths is among children under 15 years
Consequences of uneven development: international migration
In August 2015 Germany announced that it would process asylum claims for anyone who reached Germany. This sparked a mass exodus across Europe, many more people left Syria to escape the war. It’s estimated that 1.1 million migrants and to Germany in 2015.
The UK government has pledged to accept 20,000 refugees
