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GR 11 > earth sci > Flashcards

earth sci Flashcards

exam Q2

1
Q

-a process by which rocks are broken into smaller fragments chemically or physically
-refers to the process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks

A

weathering

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2
Q

occurs in regions where temperature fluctuates above and below freezing point, resulting to freeze thaw cycle

A

frost wedging

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2
Q

breaking down of rocks into pieces without any change in its composition

A

physical/mechanical weathering

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3
Q

describes the process of chemicals in rainwater making changes to the minerals in a rock

A

chemical weathering

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4
Q

Types of Physical Weathering

A

frost wedging, thermal stress, salt crystal growth, abrasion, biological activities anthropogenic activite

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4
Q

wearing away of rocks by constant collision of loose particles

A

abrasion

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5
Q

force exerted by salt crystal that formed as water evaporates from pore spaces or cracks in rocks can cause the rock to fall apart

A

salt crystal growth

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5
Q

rocks react to temperature changes during the day or between seasons by expanding or contracting

A

thermal stress

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5
Q

plants and animals as agents of mechanical weathering

A

biological activities

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6
Q

human activities can lead to weathering of rocks through mining, road and dam construction, deforestation etc.

A

anthropogenic activities

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6
Q

Types of Chemical reactions

A

dissolution, carbonation, hydrolysis, oxidation, biological activities

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7
Q

process by which a mineral dissolves in water
-produce ions, but no minerals, and are reversible if the solvent is removed, these rocks produces caves, sinkholes, sinking streams and large springs, creating a landscape known as karst

A

dissolution

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8
Q

the reaction between calcite and weak acids in rainwater and acids in ground water

A

carbonation

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9
Q

it is the response of oxygen with minerals. if the iron oxidizes the minerals in rocks decomposes example rusting

A

oxidation

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9
Q

hydro

A

water

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9
Q

lysis

A

to loosen or dissolve

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9
Q

every atom is physically bonded to its neighbors in some way. if heat energy is supplied to one part of a solid, the atoms vibrate faster.

A

thermal vibrations

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9
Q

occurs when water combines with the substance to form a new types of substances which are softer than the original rock type

A

hydrolysis

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9
Q

the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules

A

conduction

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10
Q

plants and animals release acid forming chemicals that cause weathering and contribute to the breaking down of rocks and landforms

A

biological activities

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10
Q

heat flows from center of the earth to the surface

A

conduction, convection, radiation

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10
Q

the fluid above a hot surface expands, becomes __________ and__________

A

less dense and rises

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11
Q

when a fluid, such as air or a liquid is heated and then travels away from the source, it carries the thermal energy along

A

convection

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

the magma drive plate tectonics

A

convection currents

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13
Q

two types of energy source of the earth

A

internal, external source

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13
Q

generates from the emission of electromagnetic waves

A

thermal radiation

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13
Q

occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (either solid or fluid)

A

radiation

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14
Q

energy source on earth

A

internal source, external source

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14
Q

coming from within the earth

A

internal source

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15
Q

non-earth generated

A

external source

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15
Q

generated during earth formation

A

primordial heat

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16
Q

the __________ energy accumulated by dissipation in a planet during its first few million years of evolution

A

internal heat

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16
Q

conversion of kinetic energy of smaller planetary objects into heat as they called on accretion

A

accretion energy

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17
Q

as something compresses, heat is generated (adiabatic heating)

A

adiabatic compression

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17
Q

_________________ in which no heat is added to or subtracted from the air

A

compression

17
Q

heat from the earth’s core setting of iron (fe) to center of earth converts the potential energy of iron to heat energy

A

core formation heat

17
Q

in early solar system have isotopes such as AI26, CI36, Fe60, with half lives of approximately 0.3 Ma

A

decay of short lived radio isotopes

18
Q

main source of internal heat come from the ______ from its interior

A

produced naturally occurring isotopes

18
Q

which the spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus causes the release of energy and matter from the nucleus

A

radioactive decay

18
Q

this process of radioactive decay which emits_____ as one of the products prevent the earth from completely cooling off

A

heat energy

19
Q

due to____ in ____ and presence of heavier materials towards the earth’s center, the _____________ of earth’s layers also ___________

A

increase, pressure, density, increases

19
Q

is a geological process that was formed, originated, and located below the surface of the earth. It involves geological activities such as tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities and magmatism

A

endogenic process

19
Q

how does magma formed?

A

partial melting of mantle rocks

20
Q

takes place because rocks are not pure materials

A

partial melting

20
Q

two main mechanism through which rocks melt

A

decompression, flux melting

20
Q

takes place within earth when a body of rock is held at approximately the same temperature but the pressure is reduced this happens because the rock is being moved toward the surface

A

decompression melting

21
Q

happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the melting temperature is reduced and partial melting starts

A

flux melting

21
Q

magma escaped in two forms:

A

intrusion, extrusion

21
Q

magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting (magma does not get out)

A

intrusion

21
Q

refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place below the earth’s surface

A

plutonism

22
Q

the process of crystallization takes place inside the crust, the magmatic rocks produced are called _______

A

plutonites

23
Q

an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the earth causes the formation of volcanoes

A

extrusion

24
Q

is used to describe all geological phenomena that occurs on the natural terrestrial surface, such as the creation of volcanoes and hot springs

A

volcanism

25
Q

molten rocks in form of lava that undergoes the process of crystallization on the natural terrestrial surface gives birth to rock formation known as_______

A

volcanites

25
Q

the process where a pre existing rock transform into another form of rocks

A

metamorphism

26
Q

the increase in temperature and pressure and change of the chemical environment can_____________________ of the rock while remaining solid all the while.

A

change the minerals composition and crystalline textures

27
Q

the rocks adjust to the new temperature causing their atom and ions to recrystallize and form new arrangements thereby creating new minerals assemblages. during recrystallization, new crystals grow larger than the crystals in the original rock

A

burial metamorphism

27
Q

factors involved in metamorphism

A

temperature, pressure

28
Q

types of pressures

A

vertical stress or confining pressure, directed or differential pressure

28
Q

the rate at which temperature increases with depth in the earth’s crust

A

geothermal gradient

29
Q

is the same in all directions and makes the rocks to fracture or deform

A

vertical stress

30
Q

is imposed by a force in a particular direction. differential pressure is dominant at convergent boundaries where plates move towards each other and collide thus exerting force and cause rocks to deform

A

directed or differential pressure

30
Q

shale with clay minerals

A

sedimentary rock

30
Q

is a set of flat or wavy parallel cleavage planes produced by deformation under directed pressures

A

foliation

31
Q

state with mica minerals

A

metamorphic rock

32
Q

schist with garnet minerals

A

metamorphism rock

33
Q

surrounding rocks are exposed to heat coming from magma intrusion within the layers of the rocks

A

contact metamorphism

34
Q

shale with bedding

A

sedimentary rock

35
Q

schist with larger foliation

A

metamorphic rock

35
Q

state with foliation

A

metamorphic rock

35
Q

within the continental crust, the confining and directing pressures exerted by some tectonic forces onto rock formations cause new alignment of minerals (foliation) during recrystallization

A

regional metamorphism

36
Q

marble, quartzite, and other granoblastic rocks with large visible crystals of minerals may be formed through ______________

A

contact metamorphism

37
Q

rocks possible responses to stress

A

elastic deformation, plastic deformation, fracture

38
Q

upward folds

A

anticlines

38
Q

types of stresses

A

compressional stress, tensional stress, shear stress

39
Q

gently dipping bends in horizontal rock layers

A

monoclines

39
Q

squeezes rocks together, happens at convergent plat boundaries, two tectonic plates are plowing in each other, power earthquakes

A

compressional stress

39
Q

stretches and pulls rock apart, occurs along divergent plate boundaries, two tectonic plate are tearing away from one another

A

tensional stress

39
Q

three major types of rock folding

A

monoclines, anticlines, synclines

40
Q

downward folds

A

synclines

40
Q

example of tensional stress

A

mid atlantic ridge, rifting in eastern africa

41
Q

causes minerals to split in a formation known as cleavage

A

shearing stress

42
Q

explained how the convection currents in the Earth’s interior make the seafloor spread.

A

Harry Hess

43
Q

_____________ carry heat from the______________ in the mantle and core towards the lithosphere

A

convection current, molten materials

44
Q

a device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects and then record the echoes of these sound waves, many people believed that the ocean floor was a completely a flat surface

A

sonar

44
Q

These 2 causes seafloor spreading

A

Convection current , molten materials

45
Q

core samples from the ocean floor show that older rocks are found farther from the ridge; youngest rocks are in the mid-ocean ridge

A
  • Evidence from drilling sample

GR 11 (9 decks)

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