21st century Flashcards
exam Q2
meaning “to sound good.” is a figure of speech commonly used to replace a word or phrase that is related to a concept that might make others uncomfortable.
euphemism
is a literary device that combines words with contradictory definitions to form a new word or phrase.
oxymoron
is a figure of speech in which something is expressed less strongly than would be expected, or in which something is presented as being smaller, worse, or lesser than it really is.
understatement
3 Contextual Reading Approaches
biographical context, sociocultural context, linguistic context
is a literary device that is also known as a “play on words.”
pun
While it is important to know the characters in a literary text, it is also essential for readers to understand the author’s background.
Biographical Context
it is also important to note the year or period it was written. Readers would be able to identify the historical events that took place in that year. We would also find out the roots of an event’s cause and the reasons behind the character’s motives and interests.
sociocultural context
How to write a critical essay
- Create an outline.
- Write an introduction.
- Write your body.
- Conclude your critical analysis.
- Proofread and refine your work.
Being a ____________ means that you do not aim to simply memorize facts and information in the text that you are reading
critical reader
Practically everything we do that is specifically human is expressed in language.” This is why literary texts can be read through the context of the language used to write the text as well as the way language is used in the text. This literary reading adheres to Roland Barthes’s famous maxim, “The author is dead.” Reading through a linguistic context focuses on the language used in the literary work and how it is used to convey meaning.
linguistic context
requires a repeated examination of the text to enable you to improve your comprehension of the text and to identify ideas that you may not have noticed in initial reading.
rereading
different reading texts:
Previewing
Annotating
Contextualizing
Outlining and summarizing
Analyzing
Rereading
Responding
helps prepare your mind for the barrage of information that is to come when you do the actual reading.
previewing
involves highlighting or making notes of important ideas in the text.
annotating
you consider the historical, cultural, or biographical context of the text. Identify the context(s) in which the text was written and determine how this context differs from your own. Keep in mind that your understanding of a particular concept is influenced by these contexts, in the same way that they influence an author’s.
contextualizing
a text deals with examining the information presented to support the author’s argument(s).
analyzing
the text help you identify the main ideas in the text and express them again in your own words.
Outlining and Summarizing
to the text means drawing meaning from what you have read and presenting it in writing or talking about it to others.
responding
is the detailed examination and evaluation of another person’s ideas or work. It is subjective writing as it expresses your interpretation and analysis of the work by breaking down and studying its parts.
critical analysis
a bullet-point outline noting the main points you will make. Think critically about the work you are analyzing and its most important parts when creating your outline. You will refer to your outline throughout the writing process to stay focused.
create an outline
should focus on a single idea. State the idea in the first sentence, then support the idea with examples from the work you are analyzing.
write the body
Write a conclusion that restates your perspective. It should build on the statements in your body paragraphs to bring your critical analysis to a natural stopping point.
conclude your critical analysis
Write a section that introduces your audience to the work you are analyzing and your opinions about it. It should define the original creator’s aim or thesis statement and main ideas, and finish with your thesis statement.
write an introduction
Read through your critical analysis to ensure it sounds as professional as it should. Correct any spelling and grammatical errors and awkward phrasing when you see it.
Proofread and refine your work
Literary techniques and Devices:
Foreshadowing
Deus ex machina
Point of View
In Medias Res
Flashback
is a literary device used to give an indication or hint of what is to come later in the story. a key tool for writers to build dramatic tension and suspense throughout their stories.
foreshadowing
is Latin for “a god from the machine.”
It’s when some new character, force, or event suddenly shows up to solve a seemingly hopeless situation.
Deus ex machina
is what the character or narrator telling the story can see (his or her perspective).
point of view (POV)
the narrator sees only what’s in front of him/her, a spectator of events as they unfold and unable to read any other character’s mind.
limited
as an all knowing god of some kind. He or she sees what each character is doing and can see into each character’s mind.
omniscient
can only see into one character’s mind. He/she might see other events happening, but only knows the reasons of one character’s actions in the story.
limited omniscient
It’s used as a literary term to describe when a story opens with the character already in the middle of things—whether it’s a high octane car chase or a group of friends’ discovery of a dead body, this narrative technique captures the audience’s attention, bringing them front and center into the fray.
in medias res
(sometimes called an analepsis) is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point in the story.
flashback
21st Century Genres
Poetry
Fiction
Nonfiction
Drama
Hyper poetry
Mobile Textula
Flash Fiction
Chick Lit
Blog
Graphic Novel
is a type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene or tells a story in a concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words.
poetry
Subgenres of poetry
Lyric- (sonnet, ode, elegy)
Dramatic- (soliloquy, monologue, dialogue)
Narrative- (epic)
elements of poetry
rhyme, meter, figurative devices, symbolism
structure of poetry
written in lines and stanzas
subgenres of fiction
fantasy, folklore, mystery, suspense or thriller, historical fiction, science fiction, romance
elements of fiction
plot, characters, setting, theme, conflict, point of view
written works that are defined by narratives or stories that are created, invented, and made up by the writer.
fiction
structure of fiction
written in paragraphs
subgenres of nonfiction
biography, references (encyclopedia, dictionary, thesaurus), autobiography, narrative (memoir, testimonial), and periodicals (newspapers, magazines, journals)
is the portrayal of fictional or non-fictional events through the performance of written dialog (either prose or poetry). Dramas can be performed on stage, on film, or the radio.
drama
refers to stories that are based on events that actually happened in reality, the characters are real people, too. Based on true events and facts.
nonfiction
elements of nonfiction
setting, descriptive imagery, figurative language, plot and characters.
structure of nonfiction
written in paragraphs
subgenres of drama
tragedy, heroic drama, domestic drama, melodrama, comedy, tragicomedy
elements of drama
Literary element (script), technical element (scenery (set), make up, costume, lights, and sound), performance element (acting, character analysis, movement)
structure of drama
three act structure
Act 1. Setup: Exposition, Inciting Incident, Plot Point One.
Act 2. Confrontation: Rising Action, Midpoint, Plot Point Two.
Act 3. Resolution: Pre-Climax, Climax, Denouement.
is often called cyber poetry, digital poetry, and e-poetry as it is only available on the web. It is a new form of poetry that uses hyperlinks, visual effects, sound effects, and other digital visual arts. Most are in form of free verse.
hyper poetry
subgenres of hyper poetry
holo poetry
subgenres of flash fiction
Flash fiction: Max 1,500 words.
Sudden fiction: Max 750 words.
Drabble, or microfiction: Max 100 words.
Twitterature: Max 280 characters.
Six-word story: Any story with a single-digit word count is a category unto itself.
It is a short poetry in a form of tanaga, that is sent through SMS on mobile phone. It consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables using (/)to end a line and (//) to end the stanza
mobile textula
elements of hyper poetry
hypertext
structure of hyper poetry
written in lines and stanzas with hyperlinks, visual effects, etc.
subgenres of mobile textula
none
structure of blogs
written in paragraphs
elements of mobile textula
meter, rhyme
structure of mobile textula
typed in lines and stanzas on a mobile phone.
elements of flash fiction
brevity, a complete plot, surprise/ twist
structure of flash fiction
written in lines/paragraphs
It is telling a story in a few words, usually about 100-1000 words or less. A flash fiction can be as short as Earnest Hemingway’s 6-word memoir, “For sale: baby’s shoes; never worn.”
flash fiction
is a genre comprised of books that are mainly written by women for women
chick lit
subgenres of chick lit
none
structure of chick lit
written in paragraphs
elements of chick lit
plot, characters, setting, theme, conflict
(short for Web Logs) are a form of online information sharing.
blogs
elements of blogs
content, design, branding
subgenres of graphic novels
Superhero Stories. Non-superhero Stories. Personal Narratives.
subgenres of blog
: Personal blogs, business/corporate blogs
subgenres of graphic novels
Superhero Stories. Non-superhero Stories. Personal Narratives.
elements of graphic novels
character, plot, setting, and tension
squares or rectangles that contain a single scene
panels
are books written and illustrated in the style of a comic book.
graphic novels
space between panels
gutters
contain communication between/among characters
Dialogue Balloons
contain a character’s thoughts
thought balloons
contain information about a scene or character
Captions
visual sound clues i.e.. Wonk! Pow!
Sound Effects
texts and illustrations
Structure
