Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492-1650

Question 1

Outline the major facets of Portuguese Exploration

Answer 1

1. Prince Henery the Navigator was a major sponsor
2. New Technologies (triangular sails) made long sea voyages possible
3. Traveled along the west coast of Africa looking for new trade routes to Asia and slaves

Question 2

What were some of the major exchanges took place between the Old World and the New World in the centuries following the European invasion of America

Answer 2

1. Disease to NW
2. Precious metals to OW
3. Crops ( maize, potatoes, wheat, tobacco, vanilla, chocolate)
4. Domesticated animals

Question 3

Econmienda

Answer 3

Native Indians were compelled to labor in the service of Spanish lords

Question 4

Treaty of Tordesillas ( 1494)

Answer 4

Negotiated by the Pope to resolve territorial claims of Spain and Portugal

Question 5

Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations.

Answer 5

1. Unify the world under singular Catholic rule
2. Gain access to new trade routes to Asia
3. Material wealth

Question 6

Describe Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic

Answer 6

1. Lead by Prince Henry the Navigator
2. Search for maritime trade routes to Asia
3. Saw the economic opportunities for slavery
4. Possible through new maritime advances such as triangular sails and smaller ships (longer voyages)

Question 7

Describe the Spanish exploration of the Americas?

Answer 7

1. Violent
2. Economeinda system
3. Search for god, glory, gold

Question 8

What was the effect of the European voyages to the developing Atlantic World

Answer 8

1. Brought new goods and disease
2. Nearly wiped out native populations
3. Increased the global need for slavery `

Question 9

What were the various goals of the colonial European powers in the expansion of their empires? To what extent were they able to achieve these goals? Where did they fail?

Answer 9

1. Search for new trade routes to Asia
2. Establish religious strongholds in the new world
3. seek material wealth in the form of spices and precious metals

Question 10

Explain the changes brought by the Protestant Reformation and how it influenced the development of the Atlantic world

Answer 10

1. Schism between Catholics and Lutherans
2. Creation of the Church of England
3. Calvinism
4. Philosophical background for religious exploration (escapism) of the new world

Question 11

Describe the Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation

Answer 11

1. Pope made counter-Reformation
2. Sought to prevent more Catholics from becoming Protestants and to force as many Protestants as possible to back the Church

Question 12

What were the consequences of the religious upheavals of the 16th and 17th century

Answer 12

1. Conflict

2. New religions

Question 13

Were did the English, French, and Dutch respectively establish settlements?

Answer 13

1. Spain: South America, Bahamas, Souther N. America
2. France: North America, Canada
3. Dutch: New York ( New Netherlands)

Question 14

Explain the role of the American colonies in European nations’s struggles for domination

Answer 14

1. The colonies served as an extension for state conflicts

2. Provided new economic opportunities

Question 15

Black Legend

Answer 15

Spain’s reputation as bloodthirsty conquistadors

Question 16

commodification

Answer 16

the transformation of something—for example, an item of ritual significance—into a commodity with monetary value

Question 17

Hispaniola

Answer 17

the island in the Caribbean, present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic, where Columbus
first landed and established a Spanish colony

Question 18

mercantilism

Answer 18

the protectionist economic principle that nations should control trade with their colonies to ensure a favorable balance of trade

Question 19

mourning wars

Answer 19

raids or wars that tribes waged in eastern North America in order to replace members lost to smallpox and other diseases

Question 20

privateers

Answer 20

sea captains to whom the British government had given permission to raid Spanish ships at will

Question 21

Puritans

Answer 21

A group of religious reformers in the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted to “purify” the Church of England by ridding it of practices associated with the Catholic Church and advocating greater purity of doctrine and worship.

Question 22

Separatists

Answer 22

A faction of Puritans who advocated complete segregation from the Church of England.

Question 23

What was the chief goal of the Puritans?

Answer 23

To “purify” the Church of England (ridding of Catholic practices).

Question 24

What was the main goal of the French colonizing the Americas?

Answer 24

To explore the New World and exploit the resources of the Western Hemisphere (FUR TRADING).

Question 25

How could Spaniards obtain encomiendas?

Answer 25

By serving the Spanish Crown.

Question 26

What were the consequences of the religious upheavals of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Answer 26

Made religious intolerance and violence popular… Led to decades of (religious) wars.

Question 27

On the whole, what was the impact of early European explorations on the New World? What was the impact of the New World on Europeans?

Answer 27

1. Killed many Native Americans (genocide) and brought various and non-native plants, animals, and diseases to the New World.
2. Increase of colonies and land expanded empires and made countries richer.

Question 28

What was the Iroquois Confederacy

Answer 28

The most important and powerful Native American political alliance. It successfully ended generations of tribal warfare

Question 29

What hindered Natives response to European threats

Answer 29

1. Differences in languages and communications