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Body Structures 1 > Early embryogenesis: limb development > Flashcards

Early embryogenesis: limb development Flashcards

1
Q

What epithelia makes the maternal part of the placenta?

A

Endometrium

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2
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual phase: 1-4
Proliferative/follicular phase: 5-14
Secretory/luteal phase: 15-28

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3
Q

Implantation often occurs on day ___.

A

21

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4
Q

Ovulation often occurs on day ____.

A

14

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5
Q

What are the 2 different aging systems for a fetus?

A
  1. Fertilization (conception) age: dates pregnancy from the time of fertilization
  2. Menstrual/gestational/clinical age: used by clinicians and dates the pregnancy from the woman’s last period. 2 weeks greater than fertilization age.
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6
Q

By day ___ of development, all cells for organ systems are in place.

A

56

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7
Q

What is the most sensitive stage of development?

A

Week 3

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8
Q

What is the embryonic stage?

A

First 8 weeks

Zygote formation
Cell division
Implantation
Organ formation

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9
Q

What is the fetal stage?

A

Week 9-birth

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10
Q

Are there any birth defects associated with weeks 0-2?

A

Nope!

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11
Q

What is the window of fertilization?

A

1-2 days after ovulation

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12
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

Day 6-7

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13
Q

The blastocyst is composed of ____ and ____.

A

ICM and ECM

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14
Q

What is the outer cell mass called? What does it develop into?

A

Trophoblast, extra-embryonic tissues (e.g. placenta)

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15
Q

What is the inner cell mass called? What does it develop into?

A

Embryoblast, embryonic cells and layers

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16
Q

What is the most common site of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Ampulla

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17
Q

What is the usual site of implantation?

A

Posterior superior wall

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18
Q

What 2 layers does the trophoblast divide into upon implantation?

A
  1. Cytotrophoblast

2. Syncytiotrophoblast

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19
Q

What does syncytiotrophoblast secrete?

A

hCG to maintain pregnancy (acts on embryo)

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20
Q

What is the decidua?

A

The name for a pregnant endometria. The cells become larger and rounder and filled with glycogen and lipids

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21
Q

What 2 cell layers does the embryoblast divide into?

A
  1. Epiblast - DORSAL layer
  2. Hypoblast - VENTRAL layer

The hypoblast does NOT contribute to the cells of the developing embryo

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22
Q

What makes the yolk sac and what does it store?

A

Made from hypoblast. Contains nutrients for development.

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23
Q

What makes the amniotic cavity?

A

Made from epiblast

24
Q

What are sources of amniotic fluid?

A

Amnion cells
Maternal tissues
Fetal urine

25
Q

How many L of amniotic fluid accumulate by 33 weeks?

A

1

26
Q

What causes polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid)?

A

Insufficient fetal swallowing

27
Q

What causes oligohydramnios (too little amniotic fluid)?

A

Renal agenesis

28
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

Week 3

29
Q

In gastrulation, the cells of the _______ migrate and change shape slipping into the ______ groove.

A

Epiblast, primitive grove

Hypoblast is now gone!

30
Q

The primitive grove forms on the ______ side and the _____ end.

A

Dorsal side, caudal end

31
Q

What order do the layers of gastrulation form?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

32
Q

Gastrulation mistakes can lead to what kind of tumor?

A

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

33
Q

What important structure forms at week 3? What is its adult remnant?

A

Notochord, nucleus pulposus

34
Q

What tissue layer forms the nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

35
Q

What is the precursor of the primordial cns?

A

Neural plate

36
Q

In what week do the neural tube pores close? Which is first?

A

Cranial first then caudal in week 4

37
Q

What is meroanencephaly?

A

Failure of rostral neuropore to close during the fourth week, forebrain development is abnormal

38
Q

What nutrient can cause neural tube defects when levels are inadequate?

A

Folic acid

39
Q

What cells migrate into the mesenchyme once the neural tube forms (becomes cylndrical)?

A

Neural crest cells

40
Q

What cells and tissues do neural crest cells give rise to?

A

PNS and bones (facial skeleton, skull, etc.)

41
Q

What is the paraxial mesoderm?

A

Condensation of mesoderm lateral to the notochord. Organizes into somitomeres in the head. Age of embryo can be related to number of somites.

42
Q

What do somites give rise to?

A 
Segmental bone (axial skeleton) (sclerotome)
Skeletal muscle (myotome)
Dermis/connective tissue  for back (dermatome)
43
Q

Each myotome and dermatome has its own segmental nerve component that ______ with the cells.

A

migrates

44
Q

What system does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

Urogenital system

45
Q

What is the somatic/parietal mesoderm layer?

A

Layer adjacent to the body wall

46
Q

What is the splanchnic/visceral mesoderm?

A

Lines the gut

47
Q

What causes the formation of the body cavity?

A

Splitting of the lateral plate mesoderm.

48
Q

What is the function of the head fold?

A

Move the heart and other organs below the oropharyngeal membrane

49
Q

All of the epithelia lining the gut is formed from what?

A

Endoderm

50
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Failure of intestine to return to the body. Covered by amnion

51
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Protrusion of the viscera into the amniotic cavity due to abnormal closure of the body wall.

52
Q

Limbs will have developed by the end of week ____.

A

8

53
Q

Upper extremity development takes place 2 days _____ lower extremity.

A

Before

54
Q

What is the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)?

A

A distal tip of ectoderm that signals for a limb bud to form into a full limb

55
Q

What gives rise to the limb bones, cartilage, and connective tissue?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm. Mesenchymal cells laying down cartilage followed by ossification

56
Q

What gives rise to skeletal muscle?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

57
Q

What gives rise to melanocytes and schwann cells?

A

Neural crest cells

Body Structures 1 (13 decks)

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