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Body Structures 1 > Back and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Back and Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there in adults? Name them.

A

33.

7 cervical
12 thoracic
4 lumbar
5 sacral (1 sacrum)
4 coccygeal (1 coccyx)
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2
Q

What is C1 also called?

A

Atlas

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3
Q

What is C2 also called?

A

Axis

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4
Q

What are the primary curvatures of the spine?

A

Thoracic and sacral. They develop during the fetal period

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5
Q

What are the secondary curvatures of the spine?

A

Cervical in lumbar, develop when we begin to hold up our heads, walk

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6
Q

What is kyphosis? What might cause it?

A

Hunchback. Abnormal increase in posterior curvature of spine.. May be caused by resorption of the anterior parts of the thoracic vertebral bodies from osteoporosis.

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7
Q

What is lordosis? What might cause it?

A

Abnormal increase in anterior curvature of spine. May be caused by a weakening of the anterior abdominal wall or weight gain (e.g. pregnancy)

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8
Q

What is scoliosis? What might cause it?

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. May be caused by absent half of a vertebra or asymmetric weakness in the back.

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9
Q

What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Runs in front of the vertebral vertebrae from the occipital bone of the skull to the sacrum. Prevents hyperextension.

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10
Q

What ligament is damaged in whiplash?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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11
Q

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

On posterior aspect of vertebral bodies inside the vertebral canal. Runs from C2 to sacrum. Helps prevent hyperflexion and posterior disc protrusion.

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12
Q

What are ligamentum flavum?

A

Connect lamina and adjacent vertebrae. Yellow.

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13
Q

What are interspinous ligaments?

A

Connect adjacent vertebral spines.

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14
Q

What are supraspinous ligaments?

A

Attach the tips of adjacent vertebral spines.

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15
Q

What is the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Where supraspinous and interspinous ligaments come together and thicken in the cervical region.

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16
Q

What are intervertebral discs?

A

Pads of fibrocartilage between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers.

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17
Q

What makes up the intervertebral discs?

A

Inner mass called nucleus pulposus and tough outer annulus fibrosus.

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18
Q

What is damaged in a herniated disc?

A

Protrusion posterolaterally of the nucleus pulposus

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19
Q

What are intervertebral foramina?

A

Spaces formed between successive vertebrae through which spinal nerves (31 pairs) pass.

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20
Q

The L5 nerve is compressed by a ___-___ disc herniation.

A

L4-L5. Numbering rule is always 1 inferior!

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21
Q

What are the joints of the vertebral column?

A
  1. Intervertebral (between vertebral bodies)

2. Zygapophyseal (bilateral synovial joints between adjacent articular processes)

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22
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids major and minor

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23
Q

What nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?

A

CN XI

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24
Q

What nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal

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25
Q

What nerve innervates the levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular

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26
Q

What nerve innervates the rhomboid muscles?

A

Dorsal scapular

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27
Q

What are the intermediate muscles of the back?

A

Serratus posterior superior and inferior

28
Q

What nerve innervates the serratus posterior and inferior muscles?

A

Ventral primary rami

29
Q

What are the deep muscles of the back?

A

Erector spinae: spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

30
Q

What muscle layer is the “chief extender of the vertebral column”?

A

Deep

31
Q

What muscles are damaged in “back strain” due to excessive extension and/or lateral rotation of the vertebral column?

A

Erector spinae (deep muscles)

32
Q

What provides innervation to the erector spinae muscles?

A

Dorsal rami

33
Q

What are the boundaries of the auscultatory triangle?

A

Latissimus dorsi, trapezius, medial border of scapula

34
Q

What is the lumbar triangle? What are the borders?

A

Site where fluid may emerge from the abdominal wall. Boundaries: latissimus dorsi, posterior borders of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen and the iliac crest.

35
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Results when the vertebral laminae fail to fuse. Usually presents as lack of a spinous process and is most commonly seen at lower lumbar or sacral vertebral levels.

36
Q

What is spina bifida oculta?

A

One or more spinous processes fail to form at lumbar or sacral levels. This condition is asymptomatic and may be marked by a tuft of hair in skin over the defect.

37
Q

What is spina bifida cystica?

A

A cyst protrudes through the de- fect in the vertebral arch. These conditions can be diagnosed in utero on the basis of elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein after amniocentesis and by ultrasound imaging. Spina bifida cystica may result in hydro- cephalus

38
Q

What is spina bifida cystica with meningocele?

A

a protrusion of the membranes of the spinal cord through a defect in the spinal column. The ‘cyst’ is lined by the meninges and contains CSF.

39
Q

What is spina bifida cystica with meningomyelocele?

A

A protrusion of the membranes and spinal cord through the defect in the vertebral column. Displacement of the cord stretches lumbosacral spinal nerves and results in bladder, bowel, or lower limb weakness.

40
Q

What structures will a lumbar puncture pierce?

A

Skin, fascia, supraspinous ligament, inter- spinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, fatty tissue and the internal vertebral venous plexus, dura mater, and arachnoid mater.

41
Q

Where do you do a lumbar puncture?

A

“Fourth lumbar spine” (imaginary line from the highest point of the iliac crest)

42
Q

What nerve innervates the erector spinae muscles?

A

Dorsal rami of each region

43
Q

Where does the iliocostalis attach?

A

Iliac crest to the ribs and cervical transverse processes

44
Q

What do erector spinae muscles do?

A

Extend and laterally bend the vertebral column and head

45
Q

What is the innervation of the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

46
Q

What are the attachments of the latissimus dorsi

A

Spinous processes of T7-L5 to the humerus (intertubercular sulcus)

47
Q

What are the attachments of the levator scapulae?

A

Transverse processes of C1-C4 to medial border of scapula from superior angle to spine

48
Q

What are the attachments of the longissimus muscle?

A

Sacrum to the mastoid process and transverse processes of the C,T vertebrae and some ribs

49
Q

What are the attachments of the spinalis muscles?

A

Sacrum to spinous processes of upper thoracic and midcervical vertebrae

50
Q

What is the innvervation of the trapezius muscle?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

51
Q

What are the attachments of the trapezius muscle?

A

Occipital protuberance and spinous processes C7-T12 to lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of sapular

52
Q

What is the action of the trapezius?

A

Elevate, retract, rotate scapula. Lower fibers can depress scapula

53
Q

What are the actions of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis?

A

Extend neck (bilateral) or bend/rotate neck laterally (unilateral)

54
Q

What innervates the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles?

A

Dorsal rami of middle (cap) and lower (cerv) cervical nerves

55
Q

What is the function of serratus posterior superior and inferior muscles? What is their innervation?

A

Respiration, Ventral rami of upper/lower thoracic nerves

56
Q

Cervical vertebrae are unique in that they have ________.

A

Hole in transverse foramen

57
Q

Thoracic vertebrae are unique in that they have ________.

A

Flattened costal facets (where ribs attach)

58
Q

What are the zygapophyseal (facet) joints?

A

Synovial joint/Articulation between inferior articular process of one vertebrae and the superior articular process of the vertebrae below

59
Q

What is a sympheses joint?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint bearing designed for weight bearing and strength

60
Q

Most of the vertebral column movement occurs at the _____ joints.

A

Facet (Zygapophyseal)

61
Q

Where does the supraspinous ligament run?

A

Along the spinus processes

62
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Conus medullaris (L1-L2)

63
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit?

A

Intervertebral foramen

64
Q

______ spinal nerves exit above to its corresponding vetebra. ____ spinal nerve exits below to C7 (between C7 and T1). All subsequent spinal nerves exit ____.

A

C1-C7
C8
Below

65
Q

What are the most common locations of herniated discs?

A

L4-L5 or L5-S1

66
Q

How do disc herniations affect nerves in the cervical region?

A

Nerve AT the injured disc will be affected

67
Q

How do disc herniations affect nerves in the lumbar region?

A

Nerve just BELOW the herniated disc will be affected

Body Structures 1 (13 decks)

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