E8: The Urinary and Digestive System Flashcards
Eliminate waste from the
body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
Urinary System
It is the body’s drainage system for the eventual removal of urine
Urinary tract
The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the _____ which leave the kidneys via the ______
Renal arteries; Renal vein
Each kidney consists of functional units called
Nephrons
What are the functions of the Urinary System
- Regulate blood volume and composition (e.g. sodium, potassium and calcium)
- Regulate blood pressure.
- Regulate pH homeostasis of the blood.
- Contributes to the production of red blood cells by the kidney.
- Helps synthesize calcitriol (the active form of Vitamin D).
- Stores waste products (mainly urea and uric acid) before it and other products are removed
from the body
It eliminates of waste from the bloodstream by production of
urine
Kidney
What are other functions of the Kidney?
- Maintain volume of extracellular fluid
- Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid
- Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid.
- Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid.
It act as filters inside the kidneys
Nephrons
Needed materials go back into the bloodstream; unneeded materials become urine and are expelled through the?
Urethra
excess wastes crystallize as
Kidney stones
It is the organ that collects urine from the kidneys. It is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, and sits on the pelvic floor.
Urinary bladder
Urine enters the bladder via the _____ and exits via the _____ during urination.
Ureters; Urethra
Bladder is derived from the _______ , and it is initially continuous with the allantois
Urogenital sinus
TRUE OR FALSE
In human males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the rectovesical
excavation
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina. It is separated from the uterus by the vesicouterine excavation.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
In infants and young children, the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.
TRUE
It is a tube which transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body through the penis or vulval vestibule.
Urethra
In a healthy human, the kidney receives between 12 and 30% of cardiac output, but it averages about
20% or about 1.25 L/min
Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney and its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.
Nephron
_______ and ______ facilitate filtration across a semipermeable membrane.
Hydrostatic and Osmotic pressure gradients
The filtrate includes water, small molecules, and ions that easily pass through the
Filtration membrane
The amount of filtrate produced every minute is called ___________ and amounts to 180 liters per day.
Glomerular filtration rate or GFR
About ____ of this filtrate is reabsorbed as it passes through the nephron and the remaining ___ becomes urine.
99% ; 1%
The urinary system is under influence of the
- Circulatory system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
It plays a central role in regulating blood pressure through its effects on the kidney. It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron and increases reabsorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate
Aldosterone
Is a neurohypophysial hormone
found in most mammals. Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and
vasoconstriction
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Regulates the body’s retention of water by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron.
Vasopressin
Increases water permeability of the kidney’s collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane
Vasopressin
It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine and it is associated with the liver, gall bladder and pancreas and several glands.
Digestive system
The digestive system is mostly suspended in the _______
Abdominal cavity
Food goes through the ______ or ______ and is processed as it moves down the lumens of a set of digestive organs starting with the mouth.
Digestive canal or Alimentary canal
It is a major organ of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive system. It is a consistently J-shaped organ joined to the esophagus at its upper end and to the duodenum at its lower end
Stomach
Produced in the stomach plays a vital role in the digestive process, and mainly contains hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride.
Gastric acid (informally gastric juice
A gastrin, produced by G cells in the gastric glands, stimulates the production of gastric juice which activates the digestive
enzymes.
Peptide hormone
It is a precursor enzyme (zymogen) produced by the gastric chief cells, and gastric acid activates this to the enzyme pepsin which begins the digestion of proteins
Pepsinogen
It is the largest lymphoid organ in the body but has other functions. It breaks down both red and white blood cells that are spent
Spleen
A product of digestion is the______ , which is sent to the liver and secreted in the bile
Pigment bilirubin
Another product for digestion is ______ , which is used in the formation of new blood cells in the bone marrow
Iron
It is the second largest organ and is an accessory digestive gland which plays a role in the body’s metabolism. It has many functions some of which are important to digestion. The liver can detoxify various metabolites; synthesize proteins and produce biochemicals needed for digestion.
Liver
It is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver, with a body resting in a small depression. It is a small organ where the bile produced by the liver is stored, before being released into the small intestine.
Gallbladder
It flows from the liver through the bile ducts and into the gall bladder for storage.
Bile
The bile is released in response to _______, a peptide hormone released from the duodenum.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
The production of CCK is stimulated by the presence of fat in the
Duodenum
It is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system. It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.
Pancreas
Which part of pancreas secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high; insulin moves glucose from the blood into the muscles and other tissues for use as energy.
Endocrine part
The cells of pancreas are filled with secretory granules containing the
Precursor digestive enzymes
The digested food starts to arrive in the ______ as semi-liquid chyme, one hour after it is eaten.
Small intestine
In the small intestine, the ____ becomes crucial; it needs to be finely balanced in order to activate digestive enzymes.
pH
The _____ is very acidic, with a low pH, having been released from the stomach and needs to be made much more alkaline.
Chyme
It is the passage of the digesting food in the colon is a lot slower, taking from 30 to 40 hours until it is removed by defecation.
Large intestine
It mainly serves as a site for the fermentation of digestible matter by the gut flora
Colon
