E8: The Urinary and Digestive System

Question 1

Eliminate waste from the
body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.

Answer 1

Urinary System

Question 2

It is the body’s drainage system for the eventual removal of urine

Answer 2

Urinary tract

Question 3

The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the _____ which leave the kidneys via the ______

Answer 3

Renal arteries; Renal vein

Question 4

Each kidney consists of functional units called

Answer 4

Nephrons

Question 5

What are the functions of the Urinary System

Answer 5

• Regulate blood volume and composition (e.g. sodium, potassium and calcium)
• Regulate blood pressure.
• Regulate pH homeostasis of the blood.
• Contributes to the production of red blood cells by the kidney.
• Helps synthesize calcitriol (the active form of Vitamin D).
• Stores waste products (mainly urea and uric acid) before it and other products are removed
  from the body

Question 6

It eliminates of waste from the bloodstream by production of
urine

Answer 6

Kidney

Question 7

What are other functions of the Kidney?

Answer 7

• Maintain volume of extracellular fluid
• Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid
• Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid.
• Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid.

Question 8

It act as filters inside the kidneys

Answer 8

Nephrons

Question 9

Needed materials go back into the bloodstream; unneeded materials become urine and are expelled through the?

Answer 9

Urethra

Question 10

excess wastes crystallize as

Answer 10

Kidney stones

Question 11

It is the organ that collects urine from the kidneys. It is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, and sits on the pelvic floor.

Answer 11

Urinary bladder

Question 12

Urine enters the bladder via the _____ and exits via the _____ during urination.

Answer 12

Ureters; Urethra

Question 13

Bladder is derived from the _______ , and it is initially continuous with the allantois

Answer 13

Urogenital sinus

Question 14

TRUE OR FALSE

In human males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the rectovesical
excavation

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

TRUE OR FALSE

In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina. It is separated from the uterus by the vesicouterine excavation.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

TRUE OR FALSE

In infants and young children, the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

It is a tube which transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body through the penis or vulval vestibule.

Answer 17

Urethra

Question 18

In a healthy human, the kidney receives between 12 and 30% of cardiac output, but it averages about

Answer 18

20% or about 1.25 L/min

Question 19

Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney and its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.

Answer 19

Nephron

Question 20

_______ and ______ facilitate filtration across a semipermeable membrane.

Answer 20

Hydrostatic and Osmotic pressure gradients

Question 21

The filtrate includes water, small molecules, and ions that easily pass through the

Answer 21

Filtration membrane

Question 22

The amount of filtrate produced every minute is called ___________ and amounts to 180 liters per day.

Answer 22

Glomerular filtration rate or GFR

Question 23

About ____ of this filtrate is reabsorbed as it passes through the nephron and the remaining ___ becomes urine.

Answer 23

99% ; 1%

Question 24

The urinary system is under influence of the

Answer 24

1. Circulatory system
2. Nervous system
3. Endocrine system

Question 25

It plays a central role in regulating blood pressure through its effects on the kidney. It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron and increases reabsorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate

Answer 25

Aldosterone

Question 26

Is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals. Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and vasoconstriction

Answer 26

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 27

Regulates the body's retention of water by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron.

Answer 27

Vasopressin

Question 28

Increases water permeability of the kidney's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane

Answer 28

Vasopressin

Question 29

It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine and it is associated with the liver, gall bladder and pancreas and several glands.

Answer 29

Digestive system

Question 30

The digestive system is mostly suspended in the _______

Answer 30

Abdominal cavity

Question 31

Food goes through the ______ or ______ and is processed as it moves down the lumens of a set of digestive organs starting with the mouth.

Answer 31

Digestive canal or Alimentary canal

Question 32

It is a major organ of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive system. It is a consistently J-shaped organ joined to the esophagus at its upper end and to the duodenum at its lower end

Answer 32

Stomach

Question 33

Produced in the stomach plays a vital role in the digestive process, and mainly contains hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride.

Answer 33

Gastric acid (informally gastric juice

Question 34

A gastrin, produced by G cells in the gastric glands, stimulates the production of gastric juice which activates the digestive enzymes.

Answer 34

Peptide hormone

Question 35

It is a precursor enzyme (zymogen) produced by the gastric chief cells, and gastric acid activates this to the enzyme pepsin which begins the digestion of proteins

Answer 35

Pepsinogen

Question 36

It is the largest lymphoid organ in the body but has other functions. It breaks down both red and white blood cells that are spent

Answer 36

Spleen

Question 37

A product of digestion is the______ , which is sent to the liver and secreted in the bile

Answer 37

Pigment bilirubin

Question 38

Another product for digestion is ______ , which is used in the formation of new blood cells in the bone marrow

Answer 38

Iron

Question 39

It is the second largest organ and is an accessory digestive gland which plays a role in the body's metabolism. It has many functions some of which are important to digestion. The liver can detoxify various metabolites; synthesize proteins and produce biochemicals needed for digestion.

Answer 39

Liver

Question 40

It is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver, with a body resting in a small depression. It is a small organ where the bile produced by the liver is stored, before being released into the small intestine.

Answer 40

Gallbladder

Question 41

It flows from the liver through the bile ducts and into the gall bladder for storage.

Answer 41

Bile

Question 42

The bile is released in response to _______, a peptide hormone released from the duodenum.

Answer 42

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 43

The production of CCK is stimulated by the presence of fat in the

Answer 43

Duodenum

Question 44

It is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system. It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.

Answer 44

Pancreas

Question 45

Which part of pancreas secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high; insulin moves glucose from the blood into the muscles and other tissues for use as energy.

Answer 45

Endocrine part

Question 46

The cells of pancreas are filled with secretory granules containing the

Answer 46

Precursor digestive enzymes

Question 47

The digested food starts to arrive in the ______ as semi-liquid chyme, one hour after it is eaten.

Answer 47

Small intestine

Question 48

In the small intestine, the ____ becomes crucial; it needs to be finely balanced in order to activate digestive enzymes.

Answer 48

pH

Question 49

The _____ is very acidic, with a low pH, having been released from the stomach and needs to be made much more alkaline.

Answer 49

Chyme

Question 50

It is the passage of the digesting food in the colon is a lot slower, taking from 30 to 40 hours until it is removed by defecation.

Answer 50

Large intestine

Question 51

It mainly serves as a site for the fermentation of digestible matter by the gut flora

Answer 51

Colon