E3 Chapter 9: Memory

Question 1

What is the process of acquiring new information?

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

What are the characteristics of sensory memory? (Time course, Capacity, Conscious Awareness, Mechanisms of Loss?)

Answer 2

Time course: Milliseconds to seconds
Capacity: High
Conscious Awareness: NO
Loss: Primarily Decay

Question 3

What are the characteristics of short-term/working memory? (Time course, Capacity, Conscious Awareness, Mechanisms of Loss?

Answer 3

Time course: Seconds to minutes
Capacity: Limited (7+/-2 items)
Conscious Awareness: YES
Loss: Interference and Decay

Question 4

What are the characteristics of long-term memory DECLARATIVE AND NONDECLARATIVE? (Time course, Capacity, Mechanisms of Loss?

Answer 4

Time course: Minutes to Years
Capacity: High
Loss: Primarily interference

Question 5

What is the main difference between Nondeclarative and declarative LTM?

Answer 5

Nondeclarative LTM have no conscious awareness, while Declarative LTM has conscious awareness

Question 6

Declarative LTM is also called?

Answer 6

Explicit memory (facts and events)

Question 7

Non-Declarative LTM is also called?

Answer 7

Implicit memory (Procedural and classical)

Question 8

What are the three major stages of memory?

Answer 8

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 9

What stage of memory converts information into a form usable in memory?

Answer 9

Encoding

Question 10

What stage aids Retaining information in memory?

Answer 10

Storage

Question 11

What stage aids in bringing stored information to mind?

Answer 11

Retrieval

Question 12

What disorder makes patients not be able to remember events prior to brain damage?

Answer 12

Retrograde amnesia

Question 13

What disorder prevents patients from forming new memories?

Answer 13

Anterograde amnesia

Question 14

What is retrograde amnesia extending back in time but does not include the entire life of the individual?

Answer 14

Temporally limited

Question 15

What type of retrograde amnesia tends to be
greatest for the most recent events?

Answer 15

Temporal gradient (Ribot’s Law)

Question 16

Memories of factual information

Answer 16

Semantic memory

Question 17

Memories of personal events.

Answer 17

Episodic Memory

Question 18

A type of LTM that stores information about how to perform tasks and actions (part of implicit)?

Answer 18

Procedural Memory

Question 19

Neurodegenerative diseases that are commonly associated with the
pathological misfolding of particular proteins that are prone to cluster
in the brain

Answer 19

Dementia

Question 20

Most common type of dementia?

Answer 20

Alzheimer’s Disorder

Question 21

What is caused by decreased oxygenation
of neural tissue and cell death resulting from strokes, vessel ruptures, cerebral artery rupture?

Answer 21

Vascular Dementia (15%)

Question 22

How much information can a memory system hold?

Answer 22

Capacity

Question 23

How long can information remain in memory?

Answer 23

Duration

Question 24

Echoic memory is a form of _________________ that focuses on _______

Answer 24

Sensory memory; hearing

Question 25

Iconic memory is a form of _________________ that focuses on _______

Answer 25

Sensory memory: vision

Question 26

Who developed the modal model of STM?

Answer 26

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 27

What model stated that LTM was determined by STM?

Answer 27

Modal model of STM

Question 28

What did KF help to disprove?

Answer 28

A double dissociation between STM and LTM disproved the Modal model

Question 29

What represents a limited-capacity store for retaining information over the short term (maintenance) and for performing mental operations on the contents of this store (manipulation).

Answer 29

Working memory

Question 30

What are the three parts of Baddeley and Hitch's model?

Answer 30

1. Visuospatial sketchpad 2. Central Executive 3. Phonological Loop

Question 31

What is a hypothesized mechanism for acoustically coding information in working memory?

Answer 31

Phonological Loop

Question 32

What did Brook's memory experience prove about the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop?

Answer 32

Two tasks that involved speaking and reading overloaded the phonological loop. It was easier to point to something rather than to say it.

Question 33

Where is the phonological loop present?

Answer 33

BD44: Left premotor

Question 34

Where is the Visuospatial sketchpad located?

Answer 34

Right parieto-occipital

Question 35

Information retained for a significant time (days, months, or years)

Answer 35

Long Term Memory

Question 36

Memory for events and for facts, both personal and general, to which we have conscious access, and which we can verbally report.

Answer 36

Declarative memory (explicit)

Question 37

memories of events that the person has experienced that include what happened, where it happened, when, and with whom

Answer 37

Episodic

Question 38

objective knowledge that is factual in nature but does not include the context in which it was learned.

Answer 38

Semantic Memory

Question 39

The ability to form habits and to learn procedures and rote behaviors depends on

Answer 39

Procedural Memory

Question 40

People with anterograde amnesia cannot form __________ memories

Answer 40

episodic

Question 41

HM could learn new things, but

Answer 41

he can not remember them later

Question 42

The actual action of encoding is also called

Answer 42

acquisition

Question 43

The process where memory representations become stronger overtime

Answer 43

consolidation

Question 44

How is working memory different from short term?

Answer 44

You can manipulate information in working memory and you cannot in STM

Question 45

In working memory do we use acoustic code or visual?

Answer 45

acoustic

Question 46

In Brooks experiment, was it easier to say yes or no rather than point to Y or N when asked to listen to a sentence? Why?

Answer 46

It was easier to point because saying out loud and reading would overload the phonological loop

Question 47

When you did two verbal task, it took you (shorter or longer) than a verbal and visual at the same time?

Answer 47

Longer

Question 48

What hemisphere is the phonological loop located?

Answer 48

Left

Question 49

What hemisphere is the visuospatial sketchpad located?

Answer 49

Right

Question 50

What type of memory cannot be expressed verbally? (Expressed through performance)

Answer 50

Non-declarative (implicit)