E3 Chapter 9: Memory Flashcards
Exam 3
What is the process of acquiring new information?
Learning
What are the characteristics of sensory memory? (Time course, Capacity, Conscious Awareness, Mechanisms of Loss?)
Time course: Milliseconds to seconds
Capacity: High
Conscious Awareness: NO
Loss: Primarily Decay
What are the characteristics of short-term/working memory? (Time course, Capacity, Conscious Awareness, Mechanisms of Loss?
Time course: Seconds to minutes
Capacity: Limited (7+/-2 items)
Conscious Awareness: YES
Loss: Interference and Decay
What are the characteristics of long-term memory DECLARATIVE AND NONDECLARATIVE? (Time course, Capacity, Mechanisms of Loss?
Time course: Minutes to Years
Capacity: High
Loss: Primarily interference
What is the main difference between Nondeclarative and declarative LTM?
Nondeclarative LTM have no conscious awareness, while Declarative LTM has conscious awareness
Declarative LTM is also called?
Explicit memory (facts and events)
Non-Declarative LTM is also called?
Implicit memory (Procedural and classical)
What are the three major stages of memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
What stage of memory converts information into a form usable in memory?
Encoding
What stage aids Retaining information in memory?
Storage
What stage aids in bringing stored information to mind?
Retrieval
What disorder makes patients not be able to remember events prior to brain damage?
Retrograde amnesia
What disorder prevents patients from forming new memories?
Anterograde amnesia
What is retrograde amnesia extending back in time but does not include the entire life of the individual?
Temporally limited
What type of retrograde amnesia tends to be
greatest for the most recent events?
Temporal gradient (Ribot’s Law)
Memories of factual information
Semantic memory
Memories of personal events.
Episodic Memory
A type of LTM that stores information about how to perform tasks and actions (part of implicit)?
Procedural Memory
Neurodegenerative diseases that are commonly associated with the
pathological misfolding of particular proteins that are prone to cluster
in the brain
Dementia
Most common type of dementia?
Alzheimer’s Disorder
What is caused by decreased oxygenation
of neural tissue and cell death resulting from strokes, vessel ruptures, cerebral artery rupture?
Vascular Dementia (15%)
How much information can a memory system hold?
Capacity
How long can information remain in memory?
Duration
Echoic memory is a form of _________________ that focuses on _______
Sensory memory; hearing
Iconic memory is a form of _________________ that focuses on _______
Sensory memory: vision
Who developed the modal model of STM?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What model stated that LTM was determined by STM?
Modal model of STM
What did KF help to disprove?
A double dissociation between STM and LTM disproved the Modal model
What represents a limited-capacity store for retaining
information over the short term (maintenance) and for performing
mental operations on the contents of this store (manipulation).
Working memory
What are the three parts of Baddeley and Hitch’s model?
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Central Executive
- Phonological Loop
What is a hypothesized mechanism for acoustically
coding information in working memory?
Phonological Loop
What did Brook’s memory experience prove about the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop?
Two tasks that involved speaking and reading overloaded the phonological loop. It was easier to point to something rather than to say it.
Where is the phonological loop present?
BD44: Left premotor
Where is the Visuospatial sketchpad located?
Right parieto-occipital
Information retained for a significant time
(days, months, or years)
Long Term Memory
Memory for events and for facts, both
personal and general, to which we have conscious access, and which
we can verbally report.
Declarative memory (explicit)
memories of events that the person has
experienced that include what happened, where it happened, when,
and with whom
Episodic
objective knowledge that is factual in nature but
does not include the context in which it was learned.
Semantic Memory
The ability to form habits and to learn procedures and rote behaviors
depends on
Procedural Memory
People with anterograde amnesia cannot form __________ memories
episodic
HM could learn new things, but
he can not remember them later
The actual action of encoding is also called
acquisition
The process where memory representations become stronger overtime
consolidation
How is working memory different from short term?
You can manipulate information in working memory and you cannot in STM
In working memory do we use acoustic code or visual?
acoustic
In Brooks experiment, was it easier to say yes or no rather than point to Y or N when asked to listen to a sentence? Why?
It was easier to point because saying out loud and reading would overload the phonological loop
When you did two verbal task, it took you (shorter or longer) than a verbal and visual at the same time?
Longer
What hemisphere is the phonological loop located?
Left
What hemisphere is the visuospatial sketchpad located?
Right
What type of memory cannot be expressed verbally? (Expressed through performance)
Non-declarative (implicit)
