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NEU223 Cognitive Neuroscience > E2 Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

E2 Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Perception of vision is not in the eye; it is in the

A

brain

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2
Q

Light hitting the retina is a sensation or a perception?

A

Sensation

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3
Q

Seeing a star in the sky is a sensation or a perception?

A

Perception; brain has to interpret that it is a star

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4
Q

Each sensation system (ear, mouth, nose) has a specialized ___________. This is important because?

A

Receptor; allows for integration of unique sensory symbols

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5
Q

Each sensory modality responds to a limited __________ of stimuli

A

Range

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6
Q

_____________________ cells respond to a portion of this range

A

Individual receptors

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7
Q

What are the three types of cones?

A

Red, Blue, Green

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8
Q

Rods are used for __________, while cones are used for _________ and _____________

A

Motion/black or white; Color/acuity

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9
Q

Sometimes you smell bread, but after a prolonged time you do not anymore (while the scent is still there). This is caused by the body’s ability to

A

adapt (adaptations)

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10
Q

Acuity depends on what two factors?

A
  1. Design of stimulation collective system
  2. The # and distribution of receptors
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11
Q

More neurons dedicated to a certain area are called

A

cortical representation

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12
Q

What senses are integrated through the thalamus? (4)

A
  1. Vision
  2. Gustation
  3. Somatosensation
  4. Auditory
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13
Q

Thalamic nuclei are interconnected, providing an opportunity for

A

Multi-sensory integration

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14
Q

More than one sense at a time (integration)

A

Multisensory integration

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15
Q

What sense plays a huge role in recognizing foods that are nutritious and safe?

A

Olfaction

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16
Q

The longer a stimulus continues, the (less/more) frequent action potentials fire

A

less

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17
Q

__________ also plays a huge role in social communications (pheromones)

A

Olfaction

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18
Q

Odor molecules are called

A

odorants

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19
Q

Odor receptors in the mucous membrane on roof

A

Olfactory epithelium

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20
Q

Synapse of information in olfaction; transportation from sensory to primary cortices

A

Glomeruli

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21
Q

Right above epithelium; contains the glomeruli; transmit info to the brain

A

Olfactory bulb

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22
Q

Organizes and processes olfactory information in the brain

A

Primary olfactory cortex

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23
Q

In olfaction, most axons of olfactory nerve project to the ____________ cortex

A

ipsilateral (same)

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24
Q

Does the olfactory nerve arrive at the thalamus, or does it directly attach to olfactory cortex?

A

Without going through thalamus

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25
Q

sense of taste is called

A

Gustation

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26
Q

Gustation depends heavily on the sense of

A

smell (olfaction)

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27
Q

Interpret the environment by discrimination between chemicals

A

Chemical sense

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28
Q

Bumps on tongue that have trenches combining taste buds

A

Papillae

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29
Q

Receptor filled part of the tongue; actual taste

A

Taste buds

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30
Q

On side of tongue are

A

Taste pores

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31
Q

____________ are in taste buds and do the actual receiving of stimuli

A

taste receptors

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32
Q

What are the five taste types

A
  1. Umami
  2. Sweet
  3. Sour
  4. Bitter
  5. Salty
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33
Q

Sugar

A

Sweet

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34
Q

Table salt

A

Salty

35
Q

Black coffee

A

Bitter

36
Q

Acidity; most prevalent in receptors, why?

A

Sour; helps analyze poisonous food

37
Q

Savory; meat

A

Umami

38
Q

A food molecule is also called a

A

Tastant

39
Q

CN 7; front 2/3 of tongue

A

Facial nerve

40
Q

CN 9; back 1/3 of tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

41
Q

CN 10; throat nerve

A

Vagus nerve

42
Q

synapsing with the taste receptor cells in the taste buds are

A

bipolar neurons

43
Q

Axons in gustation form the _________________________ nerve, which joins CN 7

A

Chorda tympani nerve

44
Q

FN projects to the gustatory neuron, located in the __________ tract in brainstem

A

Solitary

45
Q

The gustatory pathway synapses on what part of the thalamus

A

ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM)

46
Q

Axons from the _____ synapse in the primary gustatory cortex

A

VPM

47
Q

The primary gustatory cortex is connected
to secondary processing areas of the
____________ cortex, providing an
anatomical basis for the integration
of tastes and smells.

A

Orbitofrontal

48
Q

People that have more taste receptors are called

A

Supertasters

49
Q

Essential role of food taste is to activate either

A

consume or reject

50
Q

the perception of all mechanical stimuli
that affect the body, including the interpretation of signals that indicate the position of our limbs and the position of our head, as well as our senses of temperature, pressure, touch, and pain

A

Somatosensory

51
Q

Light touch; superficial

A

Meissner corpusclesM

52
Q

Medium pressure

A

Merkel cells

53
Q

Heavy pressure; deep

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

54
Q

Measures temperature change

A

Raffini corpuscles

55
Q

Two types of pain

A
  1. Myelinated/immediate
  2. Unmyelinated/quicker pain
56
Q

Specialized nerve cells provide info about body position

A

Proprioception

57
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is organized in

A

Somatotopic organization called homunculus

58
Q

Homunculus shows

A

variation in somatosensation by different body parts (some larger than others)

59
Q

How something can change is

A

plasticity

60
Q

Pain is signaled by

A

Nociceptors

61
Q

_____________________________ builds more complex representation of touch like texture and size

A

secondary somatotopic cortex (S2)

62
Q

The sense of hearing

A

Audition

63
Q

Organized by Hz 200-20000

A

Tonotopic organization

64
Q

Thick and floppy; low frequency

A

Apex

65
Q

Stiff and thin; high frequency

A

Base

66
Q

Pinna and auditory canal are a part of the

A

outer ear

67
Q

Tympanic membrane, MIS bones, oval window are a part of the

A

Middle ear

68
Q

Cochlea and the auditory nerve are a part of the

A

Inner ear

69
Q

What are the three middle ear bones

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

70
Q

Outside of the ear; where piercings go

A

Pinna

71
Q

Contains hair cells; liquid filled

A

Cochlea

72
Q

Cells in rostral part of A1 are

A

low-frequency

73
Q

Cells in caudral part of A1 are

A

High frequency

74
Q

What is the neural pathway of audition? (6)

A
  1. Auditory nerve
  2. Cochlear nuclei
  3. Superior olivary complex
  4. Inferior colliculi
  5. MGN of thalamus
  6. Primary auditory cortex
75
Q

The most crucial form of sensory processing is

A

Vision

76
Q

______ focuses light onto the retina

A

Cornea

77
Q

Light enters through the pupil and reflects on the

A

lens

78
Q

Fovea contains all

A

Cones

79
Q

Sensory detectors that respond to reflected light

A

Photoreceptors

80
Q

Peripheral retina contains

A

Both rods and cones but primarily rods

81
Q

Rods and cones are connected to

A

Bipolar cells which are connection to ganglion

82
Q

axons of cells form a bundle that transmit visual info to the CNS

A

optic nerve

83
Q

point where right and left vision cross

A

optic chiasm

84
Q
A

NEU223 Cognitive Neuroscience (5 decks)

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