E2 Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception Flashcards
Exam 2
Perception of vision is not in the eye; it is in the
brain
Light hitting the retina is a sensation or a perception?
Sensation
Seeing a star in the sky is a sensation or a perception?
Perception; brain has to interpret that it is a star
Each sensation system (ear, mouth, nose) has a specialized ___________. This is important because?
Receptor; allows for integration of unique sensory symbols
Each sensory modality responds to a limited __________ of stimuli
Range
_____________________ cells respond to a portion of this range
Individual receptors
What are the three types of cones?
Red, Blue, Green
Rods are used for __________, while cones are used for _________ and _____________
Motion/black or white; Color/acuity
Sometimes you smell bread, but after a prolonged time you do not anymore (while the scent is still there). This is caused by the body’s ability to
adapt (adaptations)
Acuity depends on what two factors?
- Design of stimulation collective system
- The # and distribution of receptors
More neurons dedicated to a certain area are called
cortical representation
What senses are integrated through the thalamus? (4)
- Vision
- Gustation
- Somatosensation
- Auditory
Thalamic nuclei are interconnected, providing an opportunity for
Multi-sensory integration
More than one sense at a time (integration)
Multisensory integration
What sense plays a huge role in recognizing foods that are nutritious and safe?
Olfaction
The longer a stimulus continues, the (less/more) frequent action potentials fire
less
__________ also plays a huge role in social communications (pheromones)
Olfaction
Odor molecules are called
odorants
Odor receptors in the mucous membrane on roof
Olfactory epithelium
Synapse of information in olfaction; transportation from sensory to primary cortices
Glomeruli
Right above epithelium; contains the glomeruli; transmit info to the brain
Olfactory bulb
Organizes and processes olfactory information in the brain
Primary olfactory cortex
In olfaction, most axons of olfactory nerve project to the ____________ cortex
ipsilateral (same)
Does the olfactory nerve arrive at the thalamus, or does it directly attach to olfactory cortex?
Without going through thalamus
sense of taste is called
Gustation
Gustation depends heavily on the sense of
smell (olfaction)
Interpret the environment by discrimination between chemicals
Chemical sense
Bumps on tongue that have trenches combining taste buds
Papillae
Receptor filled part of the tongue; actual taste
Taste buds
On side of tongue are
Taste pores
____________ are in taste buds and do the actual receiving of stimuli
taste receptors
What are the five taste types
- Umami
- Sweet
- Sour
- Bitter
- Salty
Sugar
Sweet
Table salt
Salty
Black coffee
Bitter
Acidity; most prevalent in receptors, why?
Sour; helps analyze poisonous food
Savory; meat
Umami
A food molecule is also called a
Tastant
CN 7; front 2/3 of tongue
Facial nerve
CN 9; back 1/3 of tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve
CN 10; throat nerve
Vagus nerve
synapsing with the taste receptor cells in the taste buds are
bipolar neurons
Axons in gustation form the _________________________ nerve, which joins CN 7
Chorda tympani nerve
FN projects to the gustatory neuron, located in the __________ tract in brainstem
Solitary
The gustatory pathway synapses on what part of the thalamus
ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM)
Axons from the _____ synapse in the primary gustatory cortex
VPM
The primary gustatory cortex is connected
to secondary processing areas of the
____________ cortex, providing an
anatomical basis for the integration
of tastes and smells.
Orbitofrontal
People that have more taste receptors are called
Supertasters
Essential role of food taste is to activate either
consume or reject
the perception of all mechanical stimuli
that affect the body, including the interpretation of signals that indicate the position of our limbs and the position of our head, as well as our senses of temperature, pressure, touch, and pain
Somatosensory
Light touch; superficial
Meissner corpusclesM
Medium pressure
Merkel cells
Heavy pressure; deep
Pacinian Corpuscles
Measures temperature change
Raffini corpuscles
Two types of pain
- Myelinated/immediate
- Unmyelinated/quicker pain
Specialized nerve cells provide info about body position
Proprioception
Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is organized in
Somatotopic organization called homunculus
Homunculus shows
variation in somatosensation by different body parts (some larger than others)
How something can change is
plasticity
Pain is signaled by
Nociceptors
_____________________________ builds more complex representation of touch like texture and size
secondary somatotopic cortex (S2)
The sense of hearing
Audition
Organized by Hz 200-20000
Tonotopic organization
Thick and floppy; low frequency
Apex
Stiff and thin; high frequency
Base
Pinna and auditory canal are a part of the
outer ear
Tympanic membrane, MIS bones, oval window are a part of the
Middle ear
Cochlea and the auditory nerve are a part of the
Inner ear
What are the three middle ear bones
Malleus, incus, stapes
Outside of the ear; where piercings go
Pinna
Contains hair cells; liquid filled
Cochlea
Cells in rostral part of A1 are
low-frequency
Cells in caudral part of A1 are
High frequency
What is the neural pathway of audition? (6)
- Auditory nerve
- Cochlear nuclei
- Superior olivary complex
- Inferior colliculi
- MGN of thalamus
- Primary auditory cortex
The most crucial form of sensory processing is
Vision
______ focuses light onto the retina
Cornea
Light enters through the pupil and reflects on the
lens
Fovea contains all
Cones
Sensory detectors that respond to reflected light
Photoreceptors
Peripheral retina contains
Both rods and cones but primarily rods
Rods and cones are connected to
Bipolar cells which are connection to ganglion
axons of cells form a bundle that transmit visual info to the CNS
optic nerve
point where right and left vision cross
optic chiasm
