E2 Chapter 7: Attention Flashcards
Exam 2
The global physiological and psychological state of the organism on a continuum ranging from deep-sleep to hyper-alterness
Arousal
The ability to prioritize and attend to some things and not other
Selective attention
Steered by an individuals current behavioral goals and shaped by learned priorities based on PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
Goal-Driven (TOP DOWN)
A reaction to stimuli that is not as dependent on current behavioral goals
Stimulus-Driven (bottom up)
Disorders that are the result of focal brain damage can be localized with
Neuroimaging and postmortem mapping
Results when the brain’s attention network is damaged in one hemisphere
Unilateral spatial neglect
There is ______ bias in neglect patients
Gaze
The line cancellation test is used as a method to determine
Gaze bias
Syndrome caused by bilateral damage to regions of the post parietal and occipital cortex
Balints Syndrome
What are the 3 types of balints syndrome?
- Simultagnosia
- Ocular apraxia
- Optic ataxia
Difficulty in perceiving the visual field as a whole scene
Simultagnosia
A deficit in making eye movements to scan the visual field
Ocular apraxia
A problem in making visually guided hand movements
Optic ataxia
Neglect is the result of _____________________ ___________ of a couple of spots; Balints is the result of ______________
Unilateral lesions
Bilateral lesions
Two models of attention
- Voluntary (endogenous) Attention
- Reflexive (Exogenous) attentionAb
Ability to intentionally transfer attention, goal driven, TOP-DOWN
Voluntary (endogenous) attention
evolution based attention shifting, environmental, BOTTOM-UP
Reflexive (exogenous) attention
Turning your head to orient toward a stimulus
Overt (Orienting towards)
Listening while not looking; secret
Covert (underCOVER)
By selectively attending, you can perceive the signal of interest amid the other noises
Cocktail Party Effective
Two different vocal streams coming into each ears
Dichotic Listening Task
Stages through which only a limited amount of info. can pass through
Bottlenecks in info processing
_____________________ (1958) elaborated on the idea that info-processing system has processing bottlenecks
Broadbent
Two types of Broadbent selection model
- Early
- Late
A stimulus can be selected for further processing of be tossed out as irrelevant before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete
Early selection
Is early or late correct?
Late
Perceptual system process inputs equally, then selection takes place at LATER stage
Later
What theory was able to disprove the early model?
Cocktail party effect?
Proposed info. from an unattended channel was not completely blocked from higher analysis but was degraded or attenuated instead
Treisman’s attenuation theory
What was used as a way of measuring the effect of attention on info processing is to examine how participants respond to target stimuli
Treismans’ attenuator
The orienting of attention to a cue is voluntary and driven by participants goals
Endogenous cuing
A valid arrow in Posner cuing points at or away from the stimulus
At
An invalid arrow in Posner cuing points at or away from the stimulus
Away
Stimuli automatically captures attention (without voluntary control) because of its physical features
Exogenous cuing
Invalid cuing causes shorter or longer reaction time
longer
Visuospatial attention can be ___________, like when you attend to a page, or can be __________, like looking at the motion of a classmate
Voluntary; Reflexive
The more salient a stimulus, the more
easily our attention is captured
We use _____to assess whether attention had an influence on LGN
fMRI
Activated by stimuli that are in some way salient
Reflexive attention
Attention controlled by external stimuli, NOT VOLUNTARY
Reflexive/exogenous cuing
Inhibition of the return of attention to that location
Inhibition of Return (IoR)
An active scan of the visual environment for a particular object/feature amount other objects
Visual search
Find a target in a display where only ONE feature is different
Pop-out search
Find a target in a display where MULTIPLE features are different
Conjugation searches
Selective attention is needed in order to combine features
Feature integration
Duncan contrasted attention to location (spatial) with attention to _______
Objects
Object representations can modulate __________ __________
Spatial Attention
The presence of ________ influences the way that spatial attention is allocated in space
Objects
By simultaneously flashing lights, patients can only focus on one flash; a presence of competing stimulus in ipsilateral field causes neglect
extinction
Helmholtz light stimuli 1894 proved that what attention existed
Covert
A faster response demonstrates the _______ of attention
Benefits
Invalid stim took the longest
Valid took the least
Characteristic waves measured by an EEG
ERPs
In conjunction search: The more distractors, The _____________________________
Longer it takes to find
