E2 Chapter 7: Attention

Question 1

The global physiological and psychological state of the organism on a continuum ranging from deep-sleep to hyper-alterness

Answer 1

Arousal

Question 2

The ability to prioritize and attend to some things and not other

Answer 2

Selective attention

Question 3

Steered by an individuals current behavioral goals and shaped by learned priorities based on PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

Answer 3

Goal-Driven (TOP DOWN)

Question 4

A reaction to stimuli that is not as dependent on current behavioral goals

Answer 4

Stimulus-Driven (bottom up)

Question 5

Disorders that are the result of focal brain damage can be localized with

Answer 5

Neuroimaging and postmortem mapping

Question 6

Results when the brain’s attention network is damaged in one hemisphere

Answer 6

Unilateral spatial neglect

Question 7

There is ______ bias in neglect patients

Answer 7

Gaze

Question 8

The line cancellation test is used as a method to determine

Answer 8

Gaze bias

Question 9

Syndrome caused by bilateral damage to regions of the post parietal and occipital cortex

Answer 9

Balints Syndrome

Question 10

What are the 3 types of balints syndrome?

Answer 10

1. Simultagnosia
2. Ocular apraxia
3. Optic ataxia

Question 11

Difficulty in perceiving the visual field as a whole scene

Answer 11

Simultagnosia

Question 11

A deficit in making eye movements to scan the visual field

Answer 11

Ocular apraxia

Question 12

A problem in making visually guided hand movements

Answer 12

Optic ataxia

Question 13

Neglect is the result of _____________________ ___________ of a couple of spots; Balints is the result of ______________

Answer 13

Unilateral lesions
Bilateral lesions

Question 14

Two models of attention

Answer 14

1. Voluntary (endogenous) Attention
2. Reflexive (Exogenous) attentionAb

Question 15

Ability to intentionally transfer attention, goal driven, TOP-DOWN

Answer 15

Voluntary (endogenous) attention

Question 16

evolution based attention shifting, environmental, BOTTOM-UP

Answer 16

Reflexive (exogenous) attention

Question 17

Turning your head to orient toward a stimulus

Answer 17

Overt (Orienting towards)

Question 18

Listening while not looking; secret

Answer 18

Covert (underCOVER)

Question 19

By selectively attending, you can perceive the signal of interest amid the other noises

Answer 19

Cocktail Party Effective

Question 20

Two different vocal streams coming into each ears

Answer 20

Dichotic Listening Task

Question 21

Stages through which only a limited amount of info. can pass through

Answer 21

Bottlenecks in info processing

Question 22

_____________________ (1958) elaborated on the idea that info-processing system has processing bottlenecks

Answer 22

Broadbent

Question 23

Two types of Broadbent selection model

Answer 23

1. Early
2. Late

Question 24

A stimulus can be selected for further processing of be tossed out as irrelevant before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete

Answer 24

Early selection

Question 25

Is early or late correct?

Answer 25

Late

Question 26

Perceptual system process inputs equally, then selection takes place at LATER stage

Answer 26

Later

Question 27

What theory was able to disprove the early model?

Answer 27

Cocktail party effect?

Question 28

Proposed info. from an unattended channel was not completely blocked from higher analysis but was degraded or attenuated instead

Answer 28

Treisman's attenuation theory

Question 29

What was used as a way of measuring the effect of attention on info processing is to examine how participants respond to target stimuli

Answer 29

Treismans' attenuator

Question 30

The orienting of attention to a cue is voluntary and driven by participants goals

Answer 30

Endogenous cuing

Question 31

A valid arrow in Posner cuing points at or away from the stimulus

Answer 31

At

Question 32

An invalid arrow in Posner cuing points at or away from the stimulus

Answer 32

Away

Question 33

Stimuli automatically captures attention (without voluntary control) because of its physical features

Answer 33

Exogenous cuing

Question 34

Invalid cuing causes shorter or longer reaction time

Answer 34

longer

Question 35

Visuospatial attention can be ___________, like when you attend to a page, or can be __________, like looking at the motion of a classmate

Answer 35

Voluntary; Reflexive

Question 36

The more salient a stimulus, the more

Answer 36

easily our attention is captured

Question 37

We use _____to assess whether attention had an influence on LGN

Answer 37

fMRI

Question 38

Activated by stimuli that are in some way salient

Answer 38

Reflexive attention

Question 39

Attention controlled by external stimuli, NOT VOLUNTARY

Answer 39

Reflexive/exogenous cuing

Question 40

Inhibition of the return of attention to that location

Answer 40

Inhibition of Return (IoR)

Question 41

An active scan of the visual environment for a particular object/feature amount other objects

Answer 41

Visual search

Question 42

Find a target in a display where only ONE feature is different

Answer 42

Pop-out search

Question 43

Find a target in a display where MULTIPLE features are different

Answer 43

Conjugation searches

Question 44

Selective attention is needed in order to combine features

Answer 44

Feature integration

Question 45

Duncan contrasted attention to location (spatial) with attention to _______

Answer 45

Objects

Question 46

Object representations can modulate __________ __________

Answer 46

Spatial Attention

Question 47

The presence of ________ influences the way that spatial attention is allocated in space

Answer 47

Objects

Question 48

By simultaneously flashing lights, patients can only focus on one flash; a presence of competing stimulus in ipsilateral field causes neglect

Answer 48

extinction

Question 49

Helmholtz light stimuli 1894 proved that what attention existed

Answer 49

Covert

Question 50

A faster response demonstrates the _______ of attention

Answer 50

Benefits Invalid stim took the longest Valid took the least

Question 51

Characteristic waves measured by an EEG

Answer 51

ERPs

Question 52

In conjunction search: The more distractors, The _____________________________

Answer 52

Longer it takes to find