E3 Chapter 12: Cognitive Control Flashcards
Exam 3
Psychological processes that
enable us to use our perceptions, knowledge, and goals to bias the
selection of action and thoughts from a multitude of possibilities.
Cognitive Control (executive)
requires the coordination of a complex set of
actions that may unfold over an extended period.
Goal-oriented behavior
What are the 4 primary areas of the prefrontal cortex?
- Lateral prefrontal cortex
- Frontal pole
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Medial frontal cortex
What three PFC areas play a role in goal-oriented behavior?
- LPFC
- OFC
- FP
What PFC area plays a large role in guiding and monitoring behavior?
MFC
What is a tendency to reply the same even when told incorrect?
Perseveration
Perseveration, lack of apathy, inability to follow directions/rules, disregard social convention are all symptoms of
Frontal lobe lesion
The main point of the 3 frontal lesion patients in a shopping center experiment was
All 3 became embroiled in social complications
The hammer and picture frame experiment proved that
frontal lobe patients can enact in stimulus-driven but not goal-driven activity
Humans with FL lesions hammered the nail into the wall, even when not told to. This showed a behavior called
utilization behavior
Researchers asked whether the cognitive control changes that occur
in cocaine users would also manifest in the lab using a
Go/No-go task
Patients were told to hit a button every time that a letter was repeated. This was called
Go/No-go
Based on the assessment of an expected
reward or value and the knowledge that there is a causal link between
the action and the reward
Goal-oriented behavior
an action that is no longer under the control of a
reward, but is stimulus-driven; as such, we can consider it automatic.
Habit
____________ is critical when behavior is not exclusively stimulus
driven.
Working memory
PFC lesions do not disrupt
Associative memory task
Place food in bowl and cover with a red cloth (and non-food bowl with green). Monkey has to decide which color had food in it
Associative memory task
Shown a letter, then remove the letter, then add stimulus
Delayed-response task
What cells are active in the central fixation experiment ?
Perifrontal and parietal
Staring at a central point, light flashes in periphery; continue staring until hear a beep and then look where the light WAS
Central fixation experiment
Cells in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex quickly modify the
responses of the
Basal ganglia
Brain area that updates preferences
based on recent information and monitors confidence in a decision.
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors
________________
confidence in one’s decisions.
Korsakoff patients tend to make _____________. What are these?
Confabulations; unintentionally extravagant lies
What causes Korsakoff ?
excessive alcohol consumption
Brain area that responds to a reward based on
how it compares to other likely outcomes.
Orbitofrontal cortex
In the Iowa gambling task, _____________tend to pick decks with less risk, while __________________ pick risky decks even when losing money
Healthy; patients with OFC damage
The study of how genes, chemicals, and brain
activity contribute to social behavior.
Social Neuroscience
The love hormone is also called
Oxytocin
The ability to identify with other people and share their experience almost as if it were one’s own.
Empathy
An action that benefits
someone other than the actor.
Altruistic behavior
Natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals
that may decrease their chance of survival but increases that of their
kin.
Kin selection
The idea that
individuals help those that will return
the favor.
Reciprocal altruism
Choosing a specific course of behavioral actions from among many possibilities
Decision Making
how people ought to make
decisions that yield the optimal choice.
Normative decision theories
attempt to describe what people
actually do, not what they should do.
Descriptive Decision theory
Some sort of evaluation of expected outcomes
Action-outcome decisions
Seeing the mall and driving to try and get closer (without following a map) is an example of
Model-free behavior
Using a map to get to the mall is an example of
Model-based behavior
Before making a decision, we determine the ____________ then compare _____________ _________ between options
Value; Different values
have a direct benefit for survival fitness (water;food)
Primary reinforcers
rewards that have no intrinsic value
themselves but become rewarding through their association with
other forms of reinforcement. (Money)
Secondary reinforcers
What are the five factors of representation of values?
- Payoff
- Probability
- Effort/cost
- Context
- Preference
What kind of reward do the options offer, and how large is the
reward?
Payoff
How likely are you to attain the reward?
Probability
How long are you willing to wait for
a reward?
Effort/cost
This factor involves external things, like the time of day, as
well as internal things, such as whether you are hungry or tired, or
looking forward to an afternoon outing with some friends.
Context
You may just like one fishing spot better than another for
its aesthetics or a fond memory.
Preference
The ACC relates to _________, This stands for
Value; Anterior cingulate cortex
The LPFC relates to _________, This stands for
Probability; Lateral prefrontal cortex
The OFC relates to ___________, This stands for
Payoff; Orbitofrontal cortex
the value of a reward is reduced when we
must wait to receive that reward.
Temporal discounting
Patients with _____________________ strongly
prefer immediate rewards over
delayed rewards.
OFC lesions
Is there is a lot anxiety in a decision between two win-win choices?
Yes; way more than a win and lose decision
