E3 Chapter 12: Cognitive Control

Question 1

Psychological processes that
enable us to use our perceptions, knowledge, and goals to bias the
selection of action and thoughts from a multitude of possibilities.

Answer 1

Cognitive Control (executive)

Question 2

requires the coordination of a complex set of
actions that may unfold over an extended period.

Answer 2

Goal-oriented behavior

Question 3

What are the 4 primary areas of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 3

1. Lateral prefrontal cortex
2. Frontal pole
3. Orbitofrontal cortex
4. Medial frontal cortex

Question 4

What three PFC areas play a role in goal-oriented behavior?

Answer 4

1. LPFC
2. OFC
3. FP

Question 5

What PFC area plays a large role in guiding and monitoring behavior?

Answer 5

MFC

Question 6

What is a tendency to reply the same even when told incorrect?

Answer 6

Perseveration

Question 7

Perseveration, lack of apathy, inability to follow directions/rules, disregard social convention are all symptoms of

Answer 7

Frontal lobe lesion

Question 8

The main point of the 3 frontal lesion patients in a shopping center experiment was

Answer 8

All 3 became embroiled in social complications

Question 9

The hammer and picture frame experiment proved that

Answer 9

frontal lobe patients can enact in stimulus-driven but not goal-driven activity

Question 10

Humans with FL lesions hammered the nail into the wall, even when not told to. This showed a behavior called

Answer 10

utilization behavior

Question 11

Researchers asked whether the cognitive control changes that occur
in cocaine users would also manifest in the lab using a

Answer 11

Go/No-go task

Question 12

Patients were told to hit a button every time that a letter was repeated. This was called

Answer 12

Go/No-go

Question 13

Based on the assessment of an expected
reward or value and the knowledge that there is a causal link between
the action and the reward

Answer 13

Goal-oriented behavior

Question 14

an action that is no longer under the control of a
reward, but is stimulus-driven; as such, we can consider it automatic.

Answer 14

Habit

Question 15

____________ is critical when behavior is not exclusively stimulus
driven.

Answer 15

Working memory

Question 16

PFC lesions do not disrupt

Answer 16

Associative memory task

Question 17

Place food in bowl and cover with a red cloth (and non-food bowl with green). Monkey has to decide which color had food in it

Answer 17

Associative memory task

Question 18

Shown a letter, then remove the letter, then add stimulus

Answer 18

Delayed-response task

Question 19

What cells are active in the central fixation experiment ?

Answer 19

Perifrontal and parietal

Question 20

Staring at a central point, light flashes in periphery; continue staring until hear a beep and then look where the light WAS

Answer 20

Central fixation experiment

Question 21

Cells in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex quickly modify the
responses of the

Answer 21

Basal ganglia

Question 22

Brain area that updates preferences
based on recent information and monitors confidence in a decision.

Answer 22

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 23

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors
________________

Answer 23

confidence in one’s decisions.

Question 24

Korsakoff patients tend to make _____________. What are these?

Answer 24

Confabulations; unintentionally extravagant lies

Question 25

What causes Korsakoff ?

Answer 25

excessive alcohol consumption

Question 26

Brain area that responds to a reward based on how it compares to other likely outcomes.

Answer 26

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 27

In the Iowa gambling task, _____________tend to pick decks with less risk, while __________________ pick risky decks even when losing money

Answer 27

Healthy; patients with OFC damage

Question 28

The study of how genes, chemicals, and brain activity contribute to social behavior.

Answer 28

Social Neuroscience

Question 29

The love hormone is also called

Answer 29

Oxytocin

Question 30

The ability to identify with other people and share their experience almost as if it were one’s own.

Answer 30

Empathy

Question 31

An action that benefits someone other than the actor.

Answer 31

Altruistic behavior

Question 32

Natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals that may decrease their chance of survival but increases that of their kin.

Answer 32

Kin selection

Question 33

The idea that individuals help those that will return the favor.

Answer 33

Reciprocal altruism

Question 34

Choosing a specific course of behavioral actions from among many possibilities

Answer 34

Decision Making

Question 35

how people ought to make decisions that yield the optimal choice.

Answer 35

Normative decision theories

Question 36

attempt to describe what people actually do, not what they should do.

Answer 36

Descriptive Decision theory

Question 37

Some sort of evaluation of expected outcomes

Answer 37

Action-outcome decisions

Question 38

Seeing the mall and driving to try and get closer (without following a map) is an example of

Answer 38

Model-free behavior

Question 39

Using a map to get to the mall is an example of

Answer 39

Model-based behavior

Question 40

Before making a decision, we determine the ____________ then compare _____________ _________ between options

Answer 40

Value; Different values

Question 41

have a direct benefit for survival fitness (water;food)

Answer 41

Primary reinforcers

Question 42

rewards that have no intrinsic value themselves but become rewarding through their association with other forms of reinforcement. (Money)

Answer 42

Secondary reinforcers

Question 43

What are the five factors of representation of values?

Answer 43

1. Payoff 2. Probability 3. Effort/cost 4. Context 5. Preference

Question 44

What kind of reward do the options offer, and how large is the reward?

Answer 44

Payoff

Question 45

How likely are you to attain the reward?

Answer 45

Probability

Question 46

How long are you willing to wait for a reward?

Answer 46

Effort/cost

Question 47

This factor involves external things, like the time of day, as well as internal things, such as whether you are hungry or tired, or looking forward to an afternoon outing with some friends.

Answer 47

Context

Question 48

You may just like one fishing spot better than another for its aesthetics or a fond memory.

Answer 48

Preference

Question 49

The ACC relates to _________, This stands for

Answer 49

Value; Anterior cingulate cortex

Question 50

The LPFC relates to _________, This stands for

Answer 50

Probability; Lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 51

The OFC relates to ___________, This stands for

Answer 51

Payoff; Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 52

the value of a reward is reduced when we must wait to receive that reward.

Answer 52

Temporal discounting

Question 53

Patients with _____________________ strongly prefer immediate rewards over delayed rewards.

Answer 53

OFC lesions

Question 54

Is there is a lot anxiety in a decision between two win-win choices?

Answer 54

Yes; way more than a win and lose decision