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NEU223 Cognitive Neuroscience > E3 Chapter 12: Cognitive Control > Flashcards

E3 Chapter 12: Cognitive Control Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

Psychological processes that
enable us to use our perceptions, knowledge, and goals to bias the
selection of action and thoughts from a multitude of possibilities.

A

Cognitive Control (executive)

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2
Q

requires the coordination of a complex set of
actions that may unfold over an extended period.

A

Goal-oriented behavior

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3
Q

What are the 4 primary areas of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  1. Lateral prefrontal cortex
  2. Frontal pole
  3. Orbitofrontal cortex
  4. Medial frontal cortex
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4
Q

What three PFC areas play a role in goal-oriented behavior?

A
  1. LPFC
  2. OFC
  3. FP
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5
Q

What PFC area plays a large role in guiding and monitoring behavior?

A

MFC

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6
Q

What is a tendency to reply the same even when told incorrect?

A

Perseveration

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7
Q

Perseveration, lack of apathy, inability to follow directions/rules, disregard social convention are all symptoms of

A

Frontal lobe lesion

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8
Q

The main point of the 3 frontal lesion patients in a shopping center experiment was

A

All 3 became embroiled in social complications

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9
Q

The hammer and picture frame experiment proved that

A

frontal lobe patients can enact in stimulus-driven but not goal-driven activity

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10
Q

Humans with FL lesions hammered the nail into the wall, even when not told to. This showed a behavior called

A

utilization behavior

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11
Q

Researchers asked whether the cognitive control changes that occur
in cocaine users would also manifest in the lab using a

A

Go/No-go task

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12
Q

Patients were told to hit a button every time that a letter was repeated. This was called

A

Go/No-go

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13
Q

Based on the assessment of an expected
reward or value and the knowledge that there is a causal link between
the action and the reward

A

Goal-oriented behavior

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14
Q

an action that is no longer under the control of a
reward, but is stimulus-driven; as such, we can consider it automatic.

A

Habit

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15
Q

____________ is critical when behavior is not exclusively stimulus
driven.

A

Working memory

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16
Q

PFC lesions do not disrupt

A

Associative memory task

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17
Q

Place food in bowl and cover with a red cloth (and non-food bowl with green). Monkey has to decide which color had food in it

A

Associative memory task

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18
Q

Shown a letter, then remove the letter, then add stimulus

A

Delayed-response task

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19
Q

What cells are active in the central fixation experiment ?

A

Perifrontal and parietal

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20
Q

Staring at a central point, light flashes in periphery; continue staring until hear a beep and then look where the light WAS

A

Central fixation experiment

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21
Q

Cells in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex quickly modify the
responses of the

A

Basal ganglia

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22
Q

Brain area that updates preferences
based on recent information and monitors confidence in a decision.

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

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23
Q

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors
________________

A

confidence in one’s decisions.

24
Q

Korsakoff patients tend to make _____________. What are these?

A

Confabulations; unintentionally extravagant lies

25
Q

What causes Korsakoff ?

A

excessive alcohol consumption

26
Q

Brain area that responds to a reward based on
how it compares to other likely outcomes.

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

27
Q

In the Iowa gambling task, _____________tend to pick decks with less risk, while __________________ pick risky decks even when losing money

A

Healthy; patients with OFC damage

28
Q

The study of how genes, chemicals, and brain
activity contribute to social behavior.

A

Social Neuroscience

29
Q

The love hormone is also called

A

Oxytocin

30
Q

The ability to identify with other people and share their experience almost as if it were one’s own.

A

Empathy

31
Q

An action that benefits
someone other than the actor.

A

Altruistic behavior

32
Q

Natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals
that may decrease their chance of survival but increases that of their
kin.

A

Kin selection

33
Q

The idea that
individuals help those that will return
the favor.

A

Reciprocal altruism

34
Q

Choosing a specific course of behavioral actions from among many possibilities

A

Decision Making

35
Q

how people ought to make
decisions that yield the optimal choice.

A

Normative decision theories

36
Q

attempt to describe what people
actually do, not what they should do.

A

Descriptive Decision theory

37
Q

Some sort of evaluation of expected outcomes

A

Action-outcome decisions

38
Q

Seeing the mall and driving to try and get closer (without following a map) is an example of

A

Model-free behavior

39
Q

Using a map to get to the mall is an example of

A

Model-based behavior

40
Q

Before making a decision, we determine the ____________ then compare _____________ _________ between options

A

Value; Different values

41
Q

have a direct benefit for survival fitness (water;food)

A

Primary reinforcers

42
Q

rewards that have no intrinsic value
themselves but become rewarding through their association with
other forms of reinforcement. (Money)

A

Secondary reinforcers

43
Q

What are the five factors of representation of values?

A
  1. Payoff
  2. Probability
  3. Effort/cost
  4. Context
  5. Preference
44
Q

What kind of reward do the options offer, and how large is the
reward?

A

Payoff

45
Q

How likely are you to attain the reward?

A

Probability

46
Q

How long are you willing to wait for
a reward?

A

Effort/cost

47
Q

This factor involves external things, like the time of day, as
well as internal things, such as whether you are hungry or tired, or
looking forward to an afternoon outing with some friends.

A

Context

48
Q

You may just like one fishing spot better than another for
its aesthetics or a fond memory.

A

Preference

49
Q

The ACC relates to _________, This stands for

A

Value; Anterior cingulate cortex

50
Q

The LPFC relates to _________, This stands for

A

Probability; Lateral prefrontal cortex

51
Q

The OFC relates to ___________, This stands for

A

Payoff; Orbitofrontal cortex

52
Q

the value of a reward is reduced when we
must wait to receive that reward.

A

Temporal discounting

53
Q

Patients with _____________________ strongly
prefer immediate rewards over
delayed rewards.

A

OFC lesions

54
Q

Is there is a lot anxiety in a decision between two win-win choices?

A

Yes; way more than a win and lose decision

55
Q
A

NEU223 Cognitive Neuroscience (8 decks)

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