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PATHO EXAM 2 > Dysrhythmias: > Flashcards

Dysrhythmias: Flashcards

1
Q

Also called arrhythmias

Abnormality of the cardiac rhythm of impulse generation or conduction

A

Cardiac Dysrhythmias

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2
Q

Dysrhythmias are significant for two reasons:

A

Indicate an underlying pathophysiologic disorder

May impair normal CO

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3
Q

ECG recordings allow measurement of waveform _____, _____, and ________

A

amplitude, duration, HR

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4
Q

Impulse rate between ____and ____beats/minute for normal sinus rhythm

A

60 and 100

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5
Q

Normal sinus rhythm has ______ rhythm

A

normal

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6
Q

Normal Sinus Rhythm

Starts in the ______node and follows the ____ pathway

A

SA; normal

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7
Q

P wave precedes every QRS complex

A

Normal Sinus Rhythm

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8
Q

PR, QRS, QT intervals are of normal duration

A

Normal Sinus Rhythm

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9
Q

Sinus Tachycardia manifested by abnormally fast heart rate of greater than _____beats/minute

A

100

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10
Q

Sinus Tachycardia is usually a compensatory response to increased demand for ____ or reduced _______

A

CO; SV

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11
Q

Sinus Tachycardia usually occurs from _______ activation

A

SNS

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12
Q

Treatment aimed at correcting underlying cause; sympatholytic agents or calcium-channel blocking agents may be indicated

A

Sinus Tachycardia

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13
Q

In Sinus Bradycardia, HR may be lower than _____beats/min

A

60

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14
Q

Sinus Bradycardia usually from ______ activation

A

parasympathetic

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15
Q

If slow HR precipitates low CO, treatment includes sympathomimetic or parasympatholytic drugs

A

Sinus Bradycardia

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16
Q

Associated with fluctuations in autonomic influences and respiratory dynamics

A

Sinus Arrhythmia

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17
Q

Sinus Arrhythmia may be pronounced in _____

A

children

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18
Q

Sinus Arrhythmia is _______ and needs _____ treatment

A

normal; no

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19
Q

Must be differentiated from sick sinus syndrome

May need a pacemaker

A

Sinus Arrhythmia

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20
Q

In sinus arrest, absence of impulse initiation in the heart results in electrical _______

A

asystole

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21
Q

_____ rhythm: a slower pacemaker will generally begin to fire after several seconds of sinus arrest
Pacemaker may be required in ________

A

Escape; Sinus Arrest

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22
Q

Initiation of cardiac impulse at a site other than the SA node can occur with (2)_________

A

SA node failure: allows a slower pacemaker to take over (escape rhythm)
Enhanced excitability, triggered activity or reentrant circuits may cause a premature depolarization and override the SA node

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23
Q

Escape Rhythms originate in the _____ nodal region or ventricular _____ fibers

A

AV; Purkinje

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24
Q

Junctional escape rhythm originates in the_______ (rate of ________beats/minute with normal QRS)

A

AV node; 40-60

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25
Q

Ventricular escape rhythm originates in _______(rate of _______beats/minute with abnormally wide QRS)

A

Purkinje fibers; 15-40

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26
Q

The _______ wave is abnormal/absent in escape rhythms

A

P

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27
Q

Premature atrial complexes (PACs) associated with ______

A

Atrial Dysrhythmias

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28
Q

PAC’s Originate in the _____ but not the SA node

A

atria

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29
Q

PACs occur earlier than ______, preceded by a ____ wave, and have a normal______ complex configuration

A

normal; P; QRS

30
Q

Frequent _____ may indicate underlying pathophysiologic process and be precursors to more serious dysrhythmias

A

PACs

31
Q

burst of atrial complexes resembling several PACs in a row

A

Paroxysmal focal atrial tachycardia

32
Q

______ is typically manifested by a rapid atrial rate of 240-350 beats/minute with sawtooth pattern

A

flutter

33
Q

Sawtooth pattern associated with

A

flutter

34
Q

Type 1 flutter is ____ to ____ beats/min

A

240 to 350 beats/min

35
Q

Type 2 flutter is over ______ beats/min

A

350 beats/min

36
Q

_______is a completely disorganized and irregular atrial rhythm accompanied by an irregular _____ rhythm

A

Atrial Fibrillation; ventricular

37
Q

Fibrillation can cause _____

A

thrombi

38
Q

Ventricular Dysrhythmias result in ___________

A

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs)

39
Q

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) arise from the ventricular________

A

myocardium

40
Q

Do not activate the atria or depolarize the sinus node

A

Ventricular Dysrhythmias

41
Q

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) have a bizarre ______

A

QRS

42
Q

A compensatory pause is normal in ______

A

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs)

43
Q

Bigeminy or trigeminy common in ______

A

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs)

44
Q

Every other beat

A

Bigeminy

45
Q

Every third beat

A

Trigeminy

46
Q

With high frequency, CO may be compromised in ________-

A

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs)

47
Q

Ventricular tachycardia is when there are 3 or more consecutive ventricular complexes at a rate greater than _____ beats/min

A

100

48
Q

ECG depicts a series of large, wide, undulating waves

A

Ventricular Tachycardia

49
Q

In _______ Tachycardia, P waves are not associated with the _______

A

Ventricular; QRS complexes

50
Q

May be fatal if not rapidly managed

A

Ventricular Tachycardia

51
Q

Antiarrhythmia drugs
CPR
Electrical cardioversion
may have to be used

A

Ventricular Tachycardia

52
Q

Rapid, uncoordinated cardiac rhythm resulting in ventricular quivering and lack of effective contraction

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

53
Q

ECG is rapid and erratic, with no identifiable QRS complexes

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

54
Q

Results in death if not reversed within minutes

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

55
Q

Defibrillation
CPR
Antiarrhythmia drugs
may be used

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

56
Q

Include delays, blocks, and abnormal pathways

A

Conduction Pathway Disturbances

57
Q

Conduction blocks and delays are associated with cardiac _____ and_______

A

ischemia and infarction

58
Q

When there are conduction pathway disturbances, there are abnormal pathways that are usually ______

A

congenital

59
Q

When there is a problem between the sinus impulse and ventricular response

A

Atrioventricular block

60
Q

When there is an atrioventricular block, there is a defect in the _______ node, bundle of ______, or bundle _____

A

AV; His; branches

61
Q

Is slowed or completely blocked

A

Atrioventricular block

62
Q

Briefly explain the 3 types of atrioventricular blocks

A

First-degree block (usually no treatment required)
Second-degree block (types I and II)
Third-degree block (complete)

63
Q

Characterized by progressive prolongation of the PR interval until one P wave is not conducted;

A

Type 1 (Wenckebach, Mobitz type I): Atrioventricular Second Degree Block

64
Q

associated with AV nodal ischemia

A

Type 1 Second Degree Block

65
Q

identified by a rhythm showing consistent PR interval with some nonconducted P waves

A

Type 2 Second Degree Block

66
Q

More serious because it has a tendency to progress to complete AV (third-degree) block

A

Type 2 Second Degree Block

67
Q

Complete heart block

A

Third Degree Heart Block

68
Q

diagnosed when there is no apparent association between atrial and ventricular conduction; is serious, as it can lead to slow ventricular rhythm and poor CO

A

Third Degree Heart Block

69
Q

At least 5 ways to diagnose a complete third degree block?

A 
EKG
Holter monitor
Loop recorder
Stress testing
EPS
70
Q

Treatment for __________ includes Antiarrhythmic drugs used (may be proarrhythmic), measures to improve CO (pacemakers and drugs to increase contractility)
and ablation procedures

A

Complete third degree block

PATHO EXAM 2 (12 decks)

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