Cardiac Alterations-Slides 44 On Flashcards
Displacement (ballooning) of the mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during ventricular systole
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Typically asymptomatic
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Woman usually affected more than men
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Midsystolic click or systolic murmur
Mitral Valve Prolapse
palpitations; rhythm abnormalities; dizziness; fatigue; dyspnea; chest pain; or depression and anxiety
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Predominant cause is age-related calcium deposits on the aortic cusps
Aortic Stenosis
Left ventricle hypertrophy may result in ischemia and left-sided heart failure
Aortic Stenosis
Crescendo-decrescendo murmur during ventricular systole with prominent S4; syncope; fatigue; angina
Aortic Stenosis
Results in obstruction of aortic outflow from the left ventricle into the aorta during systole
Aortic Stenosis
Incompetent aortic valve allows blood to leak back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole
Aortic Regurgitation
Causes: abnormal aortic valve or aortic root dilation
Aortic Regurgitation
Leads to left ventricle hypertrophy and dilation with eventual left-sided heart failure
Aortic Regurgitation
High-pitched blowing murmur during ventricular diastole;
Aortic Regurgitation
high systolic blood pressure; diastolic blood pressure usually low; palpitations
Aortic Regurgitation
Acute inflammatory disease that follows infection with group A β-hemolytic streptococci
Rheumatic heart disease
Damage is due to immune attack on the individual’s own tissues
Rheumatic heart disease
Antibodies against the streptococcal antigens damage connective tissue in joints, heart, skin
Rheumatic heart disease
Occurs mainly in children
Rheumatic heart disease
Fever; sore throat; joint inflammation; erythema marginatum, involuntary movements (Sydenham chorea); and a distinctive truncal rash
Rheumatic heart disease
Invasion and colonization of endocardial structures by microorganisms with resulting inflammation—vegetations
Infective endocarditis
What are the most common bacteria in infective endocarditis
Staph and Strepto
Prognosis poor
Intravenous drug users susceptible
Acute infective endocarditis
Predisposing risk factors typically present
Subacute infective endocarditis
inflammatory disorder of the heart muscle characterized by necrosis and degeneration of myocytes
Myocarditis
Clinical course: acute and stormy, with recovery or death from cardiac failure occurring weeks to months after the onset of symptoms
Myocarditis
may be genetic or acquired and is noninflammatory
Cardiomyopathy
Evolve more insidiously over years, with few symptoms until the heart slips into failure
Cardiomyopathy
Characterized by inflammation, leukocyte infiltration, necrosis of cardiac muscle cells
Myocarditis
Causes include microbial agents, immune-mediated diseases, physical agents
Myocarditis
Viral etiology most common
Myocarditis
Characterized by left ventricular dysfunction (“flabby” with patchy or diffuse necrotic lesions) and general dilation of all four chambers
Myocarditis
Classified by cause or functional impairment
Cardiomyopathy
Dysfunction of unknown cause is ______ cardiomyopathy
Primary cardiomyopathy
Classified by cause or functional impairment is ____ cardiomyopathy
secondary
Name the 3 functional classifications of cardiomyopathy
Dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive
Cardiac failure associated with dilation of one or both ventricular chambers
Dilated cardiomyopathy
May be related to: Alcohol toxicity Pregnancy Postviral myocarditis Genetic abnormality
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Slow progression of biventricular heart failure with low ejection fraction
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Thickened, hyperkinetic ventricular muscle mass
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Septum may be affected, leading to idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Genetic abnormality: autosomal dominant pattern
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Clinical course is variable, typically slow progression
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Asymptomatic or dyspnea and angina
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Rarest form of cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Stiff, fibrotic, rigid, noncompliant ventricle with impaired diastolic filling
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Most commonly associated with amyloidosis
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Decreased cardiac output and left-sided heart failure can result
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and weakness
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Presumed known origin
Specific Cardiomyopathy
Present functionally as dilated, hypertrophic, or restrictive disorders
Specific Cardiomyopathy
Typically sequelae of other disorders such as systemic infection, trauma, metabolic derangement, neoplasia
pericardial diseases
Accumulation of noninflammatory fluid in the pericardial sac
pericardial effusion
Composition of usual fluids Serous Serosanguineous Chylous Blood
pericardial effusion
When fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac is large/sudden it can lead to external compression of the heart chambers such that filling is impaired
Cardiac tamponade
Reduced stroke volume
Compensatory increases in heart rate
Pulsus paradoxus
are manifestations of _______
Cardiac tamponade
Hypotension, distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds called _______. Symptoms happen in ______
Beck’s triad; cardiac tamponade
Treatment: pericardiocentesis
Cardiac tamponade
Acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
healed stage of the acute form that results in chronic pericardial dysfunction
chronic pericarditis
Most cases idiopathic and presumed viral
Acute pericarditis
Uncomplicated form resolves spontaneously
Acute pericarditis
Complicated forms involve pericardial effusion, or persistent/recurrent inflammation; requires hospitalization
Acute pericarditis
Typically presents as chest pain; fever, leukocytosis, malaise, and tachycardia; friction rub
Acute pericarditis
