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PATHO EXAM 2 > Cardiac Function > Flashcards

Cardiac Function Flashcards

1
Q

When contraction results in a rapid rise in ventricular pressure > aortic/pulmonic pressure, forcing the aortic/pulmonic valve to open with rapid ejection of blood from the ventricle

A

Ventricular Ejection

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2
Q

amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the ventricle

A

Stroke Volume

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3
Q

What is the formula for stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV – ESV

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4
Q

volume of blood in the ventricle prior to ejection

A

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

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5
Q

what is the formula for the ejection fraction? And what percentage is normal?

A

SV/EDV; normal—60% to 80%

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6
Q

rate and degree of ventricular relaxation

A

lusitropy

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7
Q

Mean right _______pressure is the same as central ____ pressure. This is a measurement of blood _____ in the heart.

A

arterial, venous, volume

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8
Q

Left main coronary artery divides into left _________branches

A

Anterior descending and circumflex

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9
Q

Left________supplies the septal, anterior, and apical areas

A

anterior descending

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10
Q

________supplies the lateral and posterior left ventricles

A

Circumflex

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11
Q

Right coronary artery supplies the _________ and _______

A

right atrium/ventricle and posterior left ventricle

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12
Q

Creatine phosphate (CP) is a storage form of ___, and an immediately available source of ____.

A

ATP, energy

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13
Q

Under conditions of low ATP availability, CP is converted to ATP by the enzyme

A

creatine kinase (CK)

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14
Q

Enzyme ________ is useful to help determine myocardial cell damage

A

CK

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15
Q

Sympathetic activation increases___(3)______via binding of norephinephrine to β receptors

A

heart rate (chronotropic effect), speed of conduction (dromotropic effect), and force of contraction (inotropic effect)

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16
Q

Another name for HR is _____ effect

A

chronotropic

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17
Q

Another name for speed of conduction is______effect

A

dromotropic

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18
Q

Another name for force of contraction is ______effect

A

inotropic

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19
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation results in ________ and ________ via binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors. An example is the _____ response.

A

reduction in heart rate, and speed of action potential conduction. vasovagal

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20
Q

As action potentials spread throughout the ________, electrical current is transmitted to the body surface

A

myocardium

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21
Q

A recording of these electrical currents is called an

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

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22
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG) identifies irregularities in

___(2)____

A

Impulse initiation, and conduction rates/pathways

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23
Q

corresponds to atrial depolarization

A

P wave

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24
Q

represents ventricular depolarization

A

QRS Complex

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25
Q

reflects ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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26
Q

in slow heart rate and low potassium

A

U wave

27
Q

Measure of the amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute

A

cardiac output

28
Q

Normal resting cardiac output is

A

5-6 L/minute

29
Q

_______is a measure of cardiac output relative to body surface area

A

Cardiac index

30
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO = stroke volume x heart rate

31
Q

Increase in heart rate or volume = _____CO

Decrease in heart rate or volume = ______CO

A

increased; decreased

32
Q 
The following of determinants of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Anxiety
Fear
Stress
Excitement
Trauma
Fever
Drugs
A

Heart rate

33
Q

Vagus nerve stimulation _____heart rate

A

decreases

34
Q

Sustained ____ pulse rates eventually lead to _____CO

A

high; decreased

35
Q

The volume of blood in the heart prior to contraction _____

A

preload

36
Q

The contractile capabilities _____

A

contractility

37
Q

Impedance opposing ejection of blood from the ventricle; basically the force against which the heart has to contract to eject blood _______

A

afterload

38
Q

Name 3 determinants of stroke volume

A

preload, contractility, and after load

39
Q

______provides information about the heart’s conduction patterns

A

ECG

40
Q

______ is a more direct assessment of cardiac function

A

Cardiac catheterization

41
Q

_________and nuclear cardiography: use various modes to image the heart

A

Echocardiography

42
Q

____ and ____cause enhanced excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys

A

ANP and BNP

43
Q

________ is synthesized by myocytes and released in response to atrial stretch

A

ANP

44
Q

__________ is produced and released by ventricles in response to chronic overdistention and is elevated in _____

A

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP); congestive heart failure

45
Q

Provides graphic illustration of the electrical currents generated by cardiac cells and uses electrodes

A

Electrocardiography

46
Q

Holter monitors and the exercise stress test are types of _______

A

Electrocardiography

47
Q

Uses reflected sound waves (ultrasound) to provide an image of cardiac structure and motion within the chest

A

Echocardiography

48
Q

Useful in diagnosis of heart enlargement, valvular disorders, collections of fluid in the pericardial space, cardiac tumors, and abnormalities in left ventricular motion

A

Echocardiography

49
Q

Echocardiography provides estimations of _______and assessments of ventricular ____ and _____function

A

ejection fraction; systolic and diastolic

50
Q

________ is when radioactive substances injected into the bloodstream are used to trace the patterns of blood flow in the heart

A

Nuclear Cardiography

51
Q

Assesses the adequacy of blood flow to cardiac tissues

A

Nuclear Cardiography

52
Q

During Nuclear Cardiography, cold spots signify inadequate _____

A

perfusion

53
Q

Evaluate cardiac perfusion and metabolism

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans

54
Q

During a cardiac catheterization, a catheter is passed from the femoral or ______artery into the aorta to the heart: assess ___ side of the heart

A

brachial; left

55
Q

During a cardiac catheterization, a catheter is passed from the _____vein to the inferior vena cava to the heart: assess ____side of the heart

A

femoral; Right

56
Q

Can be used in conjunction with thrombolytic drugs, laser therapy, stents, and coronary balloon angioplasty

A

Cardiac Catheterization

57
Q

Used to directly measure pressures within cardiac chambers; visualize chamber size, shape, and movement; sample for blood oxygen content in various heart regions

A

Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angioplasty

58
Q

Measures CO and ejection fraction; and visualize and manage coronary artery obstructions

A

Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angioplasty

59
Q

A battery operated portable device that measures your heart’s ECG continuously for 24-48 hours or longer

A

Holter monitor

60
Q

A clinician needs to record a patient’s heart rhythm for 48 hours. Which diagnostic test should be used?

Holter monitor
Magnetic resonance imaging
Echocardiography
Nuclear cardiography

A

Holter monitor

61
Q

Used to determine how well your heart responds during times when it’s working its hardest. During the test, you’ll be asked to exercise — typically on a treadmill — while you’re hooked up to an electrocardiogram (ECG) machine

A

Exercise Stress Test

62
Q

Useful for imaging cardiac structures

A

MRI and CT

63
Q

a measurement, expressed as a percentage, of how much blood the ventricle pumps out with each contraction.

A

ventricular ejection

PATHO EXAM 2 (12 decks)

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