Cardiac Function Flashcards
When contraction results in a rapid rise in ventricular pressure > aortic/pulmonic pressure, forcing the aortic/pulmonic valve to open with rapid ejection of blood from the ventricle
Ventricular Ejection
amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the ventricle
Stroke Volume
What is the formula for stroke volume?
SV = EDV – ESV
volume of blood in the ventricle prior to ejection
End-diastolic volume (EDV)
what is the formula for the ejection fraction? And what percentage is normal?
SV/EDV; normal—60% to 80%
rate and degree of ventricular relaxation
lusitropy
Mean right _______pressure is the same as central ____ pressure. This is a measurement of blood _____ in the heart.
arterial, venous, volume
Left main coronary artery divides into left _________branches
Anterior descending and circumflex
Left________supplies the septal, anterior, and apical areas
anterior descending
________supplies the lateral and posterior left ventricles
Circumflex
Right coronary artery supplies the _________ and _______
right atrium/ventricle and posterior left ventricle
Creatine phosphate (CP) is a storage form of ___, and an immediately available source of ____.
ATP, energy
Under conditions of low ATP availability, CP is converted to ATP by the enzyme
creatine kinase (CK)
Enzyme ________ is useful to help determine myocardial cell damage
CK
Sympathetic activation increases___(3)______via binding of norephinephrine to β receptors
heart rate (chronotropic effect), speed of conduction (dromotropic effect), and force of contraction (inotropic effect)
Another name for HR is _____ effect
chronotropic
Another name for speed of conduction is______effect
dromotropic
Another name for force of contraction is ______effect
inotropic
Parasympathetic stimulation results in ________ and ________ via binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors. An example is the _____ response.
reduction in heart rate, and speed of action potential conduction. vasovagal
As action potentials spread throughout the ________, electrical current is transmitted to the body surface
myocardium
A recording of these electrical currents is called an
electrocardiogram (ECG)
Electrocardiogram (ECG) identifies irregularities in
___(2)____
Impulse initiation, and conduction rates/pathways
corresponds to atrial depolarization
P wave
represents ventricular depolarization
QRS Complex
reflects ventricular repolarization
T wave
in slow heart rate and low potassium
U wave
Measure of the amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute
cardiac output
Normal resting cardiac output is
5-6 L/minute
_______is a measure of cardiac output relative to body surface area
Cardiac index
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO = stroke volume x heart rate
Increase in heart rate or volume = _____CO
Decrease in heart rate or volume = ______CO
increased; decreased
The following of determinants of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Anxiety Fear Stress Excitement Trauma Fever Drugs
Heart rate
Vagus nerve stimulation _____heart rate
decreases
Sustained ____ pulse rates eventually lead to _____CO
high; decreased
The volume of blood in the heart prior to contraction _____
preload
The contractile capabilities _____
contractility
Impedance opposing ejection of blood from the ventricle; basically the force against which the heart has to contract to eject blood _______
afterload
Name 3 determinants of stroke volume
preload, contractility, and after load
______provides information about the heart’s conduction patterns
ECG
______ is a more direct assessment of cardiac function
Cardiac catheterization
_________and nuclear cardiography: use various modes to image the heart
Echocardiography
____ and ____cause enhanced excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys
ANP and BNP
________ is synthesized by myocytes and released in response to atrial stretch
ANP
__________ is produced and released by ventricles in response to chronic overdistention and is elevated in _____
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP); congestive heart failure
Provides graphic illustration of the electrical currents generated by cardiac cells and uses electrodes
Electrocardiography
Holter monitors and the exercise stress test are types of _______
Electrocardiography
Uses reflected sound waves (ultrasound) to provide an image of cardiac structure and motion within the chest
Echocardiography
Useful in diagnosis of heart enlargement, valvular disorders, collections of fluid in the pericardial space, cardiac tumors, and abnormalities in left ventricular motion
Echocardiography
Echocardiography provides estimations of _______and assessments of ventricular ____ and _____function
ejection fraction; systolic and diastolic
________ is when radioactive substances injected into the bloodstream are used to trace the patterns of blood flow in the heart
Nuclear Cardiography
Assesses the adequacy of blood flow to cardiac tissues
Nuclear Cardiography
During Nuclear Cardiography, cold spots signify inadequate _____
perfusion
Evaluate cardiac perfusion and metabolism
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans
During a cardiac catheterization, a catheter is passed from the femoral or ______artery into the aorta to the heart: assess ___ side of the heart
brachial; left
During a cardiac catheterization, a catheter is passed from the _____vein to the inferior vena cava to the heart: assess ____side of the heart
femoral; Right
Can be used in conjunction with thrombolytic drugs, laser therapy, stents, and coronary balloon angioplasty
Cardiac Catheterization
Used to directly measure pressures within cardiac chambers; visualize chamber size, shape, and movement; sample for blood oxygen content in various heart regions
Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angioplasty
Measures CO and ejection fraction; and visualize and manage coronary artery obstructions
Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angioplasty
A battery operated portable device that measures your heart’s ECG continuously for 24-48 hours or longer
Holter monitor
A clinician needs to record a patient’s heart rhythm for 48 hours. Which diagnostic test should be used?
Holter monitor
Magnetic resonance imaging
Echocardiography
Nuclear cardiography
Holter monitor
Used to determine how well your heart responds during times when it’s working its hardest. During the test, you’ll be asked to exercise — typically on a treadmill — while you’re hooked up to an electrocardiogram (ECG) machine
Exercise Stress Test
Useful for imaging cardiac structures
MRI and CT
a measurement, expressed as a percentage, of how much blood the ventricle pumps out with each contraction.
ventricular ejection
