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COPY IGCSE Biology > Drugs, Diseases and Immunity > Flashcards

Drugs, Diseases and Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are methods of transmission of pathogens?

A

by airdirect contactanimal vector (urine, bites etc)ingestionby blood (transfusion, intercourse, cuts etc)

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2
Q

What are drugs?

A

any substance that the body takes in which affects or changes it’s metabolic reactions

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3
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

medicinal drugs that kills harmful bacteria by stopping the formation of their cell walls. It is made of microorganisms.

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4
Q

What are antibiotics mainly made of? Why?

A

Fungi, because it and bacteria compete for nutrition

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5
Q

What does overuse of antibiotics cause?

A

the creation of resistant bacteria, due to selection pressure

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6
Q

How do resistant bacteria form?

A

random mutation of bacteria to be resistant, these survive and live on

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7
Q

How does a lymphocyte kill a pathogen?

A

a lymphocyte will not recognize the pathogenthe lymphocyte will reproduce several timessince the lymphocyte has to have a specific shape to fit into the antigenslymphocytes will release specific antibodies to fight these antigenssome lymphocytes remain dormant as memory cellsantibodies attach to the antigens, and phagocytes are attracted to the area to perform phagocytosis

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8
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

when a person receives the antibodies from another sourceno memory cells created

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9
Q

What is active immunity?

A

when a person is exposed to the pathogen and theperson produces antibodies and memory cells

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10
Q

What is one example of active artificial immunity?

A

vaccination

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11
Q

What is one example of active natural immunity?

A

contracting a disease

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12
Q

What is one example of passive natural immunity?

A

receives antibodies from plascenta or breast milk

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13
Q

What is one example of passive artificial immunity?

A

venom serum given to person with antibodies, made by injecting venom into horse

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14
Q

What are 4 different ways vaccines can be made?

A

from weakened pathogensfrom dead pathogensfrom RNA or DNA of a pathogenfrom antigens from the pathogen

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15
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

antigens or dead/weakened pathogens injected into bloodstreamlymphocytes detect the antigens/pathogens and multiplythey produce antibodiesthey also produce memory cellsthe antibodies attach to the antigens, and phagocytosis occurscreation of memory cells prevent the disease from causing harm to person in the future

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16
Q

What is an advantage of passive immunity?

A

immediate effects and protection, live pathogen not injected

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17
Q

What is an advantage of active immunity?

A

memory cells created

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18
Q

Name the stages of the body after vaccination.

A

primary immune response, slow production of antibodiesprimary production of memory cellssecondary immune response, when infected againsecondary production of memory cells

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19
Q

What are symptoms of cholera?

A

vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration

20
Q

What is the name of the pathogen of cholera?

A

vibrio cholera

21
Q

How is cholera treated?

A

antibiotics kill pathogeningestion of isotonic solutions to stabilise blood concentration

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the vibrio cholera?

A

destroys cell membrane of colonactivates protein pump that sends chloride to cells in the colon

23
Q

Name 3 ways in which food could be contaminated.

A

washed by dirty water, touches by flies or dirty hands

24
Q

what is pathogen

A

disease causing organism

25
Q

what is a transmissible disease

A

disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another

26
Q

how can a pathogen be transmitted

A
  • by direct contact including blood and other fluids- indirectly including contaminated surfaces, food, animals and surfaces
27
Q

how does your skin protect you from pathogens

A

skin forms a waterproof mechanical barrier

28
Q

how do your nose hairs protect you from pathogens

A

ciliated cells sweep the mucus (that trap pathogen cells) move them away from your lungs

29
Q

how do your white blood cells protect you from pathogens

A

they detect, engluf and destroy the pathogen

30
Q

why is a clean water supply important for containing the spread of diseases

A

When people do not have access to clean water or have to rely on polluted water sources, they are prone to water-borne diseases

31
Q

why is a clean water supply important for containing the spread of diseases

A

reduces the number of pathogens on surfaces and on parts of the body

32
Q

what is cholera

A

disease caused by a bacterium which is transmitted in contaminated water

33
Q

why is a clean water supply important for containing the spread of diseases?

A

When people do not have access to clean water or have to rely on polluted water sources, they are prone to water-borne diseases

34
Q

What is active immunity?

A

the body’s defence against a pathogen by producing antibodies

35
Q

Each pathogen has its own _______, which have ________ _____

A
  • antigens- specific- shapes
36
Q

What are antibodies?

A

proteins that bind to antigens, which cause their destruction

37
Q

Specific ______ have _______ shapes which fit specific ________

A
  • antibodies- complementary- antigens
38
Q

How is active immunity gained?

A

by an infection by a pathogenby vaccination

39
Q

What is the process of vaccination?

A

antigens or weakened pathogens inserted into bodylymphocytes will respond and produce antibodies and memory cellsmemory cells mean that the body will be protected from that pathogen

40
Q

How does vaccination control the spread of diseases?

A

it gives people long-term immunity so that their body can quickly destroy the same pathogen if infected again, which controls the spread of diseases

41
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

a short-term defence against a pathogen, occurs when the body receives antibodies from another individual

42
Q

What are examples of passive immunity?

A

diffusion across the plascenta and in breast milk

43
Q

State on reason, related to immunity, why breast feeding is important for infants.

A

it helps them develop passive immunity as they gain antibodies from their mother, helping them stay protected

44
Q

What is one disadvantage of passive immunity?

A

memory cells are not creates

45
Q

What is one disadvantage of active immunity?

A

the effect is not immediate like in a passive immunity situation

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