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COPY IGCSE Biology > 14. Coordination and Response > Flashcards

14. Coordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What travels along neurones?

A

electrical impulses

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2
Q

What two systems comprise the mammalian nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

nerves outside of brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is a nerve?

A

tissue made of many different neurones

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6
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

coordination and regulation of body functions

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7
Q

What is the order of the reflex arc?

A

receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, effector

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8
Q

What does a sensory neurone do?

A

receives electrical impulses from a receptor and sends it to a relay neurone (towards CNS)

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9
Q

What are some different types of receptors?

A

visual
olphatory
auditory
touch
taste

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10
Q

What does a relay neurone do?

A

receives electrical impulses from a sensory neurone, sends it to a motor neurone.
information received is processed in the brain for an appropriate response.

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11
Q

What does a motor neurone do?

A

receives electrical impulses from a relay neurone (from the CNS) and sends it to effectors

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12
Q

Where are effectors found?

A

muscles and glands

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13
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neurone, simply?

A

cell body in the middle, long

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14
Q

What is the structure of a relay neurone, simply?

A

cell body at the top, short, no myelin sheath

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15
Q

What is the structure of a motor neurone, simply?

A

cell body at the top, long

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16
Q

Which neurone(s) do(es) not contain myelin sheath?

A

relay neurone

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17
Q

What are dendrites?

A

extension of cell membrane that captures electrical impulses

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18
Q

What is an axon?

A

extension of cell membrane that conducts the electrical impulse

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19
Q

What are synaptic ends?

A

branches of the axon that will connect to another neurone

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20
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

fat layer that insulates the axon

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21
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

allows a faster electrical impulse by insulation the axon

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22
Q

Define the term ‘reflex action’.

A

a means of automatically and rapidly reacting to stimuli by coordinating our effectors (muscles/glands)

or

autonomic/involuntary reaction of the body against dangerous situations

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23
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a junction between two neurones

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24
Q

Describe the events at a synapse.

A
  1. impulse stimulates release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into synaptic gap
  2. neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic gap
  3. neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins on postsynaptic neurone
  4. impulse stimulated in postsynaptic neurone
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25
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters once an impulse is sent?

A

they are recycled or destroyed

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26
Q

What do synapses ensure?

A

impulses flow in one direction only

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27
Q

What does a sense organ consist of?

A

a group of receptor cells that respond to specific stimuli

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28
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

refracts light

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29
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

controls how much light enters the pupil

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30
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

focuses light onto the retina

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31
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

contains light receptors, some sensitive to light levels, some to light of different colours

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32
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

carries impulses to the brain

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33
Q

What does the iris consist of?

A

radial and circular muscles

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34
Q

What happens to your iris when exposed to bright light?

A

circular muscles contract
radial muscles relax

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35
Q

What happens to your iris when exposed to dim light?

A

radial muscles contract
circular muscles relax

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36
Q

What correlation do radial and circular muscles have?

A

they are antagonistic

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37
Q

How does light from far away objects enter the eye?

A

in almost parallel lines

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38
Q

How does light from near objects enter the eye?

A

diverging lines

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39
Q

What happens to ciliary muscles when seeing far away objects?

A

relax

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40
Q

What happens to the tension in the suspensory ligaments when seeing far away objects?

A

increases

41
Q

What happens to the lens when seeing far away objects?

A

becomes thinner and flatter

42
Q

What happens to light refraction when seeing far away objects?

A

light is refracted less strongly

43
Q

What happens to ciliary muscles when seeing near objects?

A

contract

44
Q

What happens to the tension in the suspensory ligaments when seeing near objects?

A

decreases

45
Q

What happens to the lens when seeing near objects?

A

becomes thicker and fatter

46
Q

What happens to the light refraction when seeing near objects?

A

light is refracted more strongly

47
Q

How are rods distributed in the retina?

A

equally, except in fovea, where there are no rods

48
Q

How are cones distributed in the retina?

A

concentrated in the fovea

49
Q

What is the function of rods? What are they sensitive to?

A

rods are sensitive to light and assist with night vision

50
Q

What is the function of cones?

A

provide colour vision

51
Q

How many kinds of cones are there? Why?

A

3, to absorb different coloured light

52
Q

Where is the fovea?

A

next to the blind spot, middle of retina

53
Q

What is the function of the fovea?

A

where visual acuity is the highest, where we focus our vision onto

54
Q

Define ‘hormone’.

A

a chemical substance which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

55
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

glands

56
Q

Through what are hormones carried?

A

by the blood

57
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

adrenal glands

58
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

pancreas

59
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

testes

60
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovaries

61
Q

In what type of situation is adrenaline secreted?

A

‘fight or flight’ situations

62
Q

What are three effects of adrenaline?

A
  • increased breathing rate
  • increased heart rate
  • increased pupil diameter
63
Q

Compare the speed of action in nervous and hormonal control.

A

nervous - fast
hormonal - slow

64
Q

Compare the duration of effect in nervous and hormonal control.

A

nervous - short-term
hormonal - long-term

65
Q

Where is glucagon secreted from?

A

pancreas

66
Q

What are 2 ways in which adrenaline controls metabolic activity?

A
  • increases blood glucose concentration
  • increases heart rate
67
Q

Define ‘homeostasis’.

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

68
Q

What does insulin do?

A

decreases blood glucose concentration

69
Q

How does the negative feedback system work?

A
  • change in internal conditions
  • body returns conditions to normal
  • done by nervous and hormonal systems
70
Q

How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?

A
  • pancreatic transplant
  • transplant of specific insulin-producing cells in the body
71
Q

What happens to arterioles when body temperature is too high?

A

widen (vasodilation)

72
Q

Why does vasodilation occur when body temperature is too high?

A

increases blood flow through skin capillaries, rate of energy transfer to surroundings increases

73
Q

What happens to arterioles when body temperature is too low?

A

constrict (vasoconstriction)

74
Q

Why does vasoconstriction occur when body temperature is too low?

A

reduces blood flow to skin, rate of energy transfer to surrounding decreases

75
Q

Define ‘geotropism’.

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

76
Q

Define ‘phototropism’.

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of a light source

77
Q

What are two examples of chemical control of plant growth?

A

phototropism and gravitropism of a shoot

78
Q

Explain how auxin controls shoot growth.

A
  1. auxin produced in shoot tip
  2. diffuses through plant
  3. auxin unequally distributed due to light and gravity
  4. auxin stimulates cell elongation
79
Q

What is the role of a sensory neurone?

A

receives electrical impulses from a receptor and sends electrical impulses to a relay neurone, towards the CNS

80
Q

What is the role of a relay neurone?

A

receives electrical impulses from a sensory neuroneinformation is processed in the brain for a sensible responsethe impulse is sent to a motor neurone

81
Q

What is the role of a motor neurone?

A

receives electrical impulses from relay neurones (from the CNS) and sends it to glands/muscles (effectors)

82
Q

What are dendrites?

A

extensions of cell membranereceives electrical impulses

83
Q

What are axons?

A

extension of cell membraneconducts electrical impulses

84
Q

What are synaptic ends?

A

branches of axon that connect to another neurone

85
Q

What are myelin sheaths?

A

fat layer, insulates the axonmakes the electrical impulse travel quicker

86
Q

What is a synapse?

A

junction between two neurones, since they do not touch each other

87
Q

How does an electrical impulse travel?

A

travels along first axontriggers nerve ending of the presynaptic neurone, fusing with the presynaptic membranethe presynaptic neurone will release chemical messengers called neurotransmittersthese diffuse across the synaptic gap and bind with receptor molecules on the second neurone the electrical impulse will travel down this neuronethe neurotransmitters are destroyed to prevent continued stimulation of his neurone

88
Q

What do synapses ensure?

A

that impulses travel in one direction only

89
Q

In the synapses, are messages chemical or electrical?

A

chemicalthis is the place where drugs like heroin works, due to this

90
Q

Name 5 sense organs.

A

skintongueearnoseeye

91
Q

What is the skin sensitive to?

A

pressure, temp. and pain

92
Q

What is the tongue sensitive to?

A

chemicals in food and drink

93
Q

What is the nose sensitive to?

A

chemicals in the air

94
Q

What are the eyes sensitive to?

A

light

95
Q

What is the ear sensitive to?

A

sound and movement

96
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

autonomic or involuntary reaction of the body as a response against dangerous situations, that uses no cognitive conscious

97
Q

Explain the reflex arc.

A

arrival of stimulusreceptor activatedsensory neurone activatedinformation processing in CNSrelay neurone activatedmotor neurone activatedresponse by effector

98
Q

What are synaptic ends?

A

branches of axon that connect to another neurone

99
Q

branches of axon that connect to another neurone

A

synaptic ends

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