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COPY IGCSE Biology > 8. Transport in Plants > Flashcards

8. Transport in Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of xylem vessels?

A

transport of mineral ions and water (and support for the plant)

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2
Q

What is the function of phloem vessels

A

transport of sucrose and amino acids

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3
Q

In a cross section of a stem, where is the xylem and phloem?

A

Xylem is more inwards than the phloem.

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4
Q

In the vein, where is the xylem and phloem?

A

Xylem is above the phloem.

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5
Q

How are xylem vessels adapted to their function?

A

thick walls with lignin for support, only dead cells, waterproof, long and hollow tubes made from cells joined

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6
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for absorption of water and mineral ions?

A

it has a large surface area

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7
Q

What is the pathway taken by water and mineral ions in the plant?

A

root hair cells > root cortex cell > xylem vessel > mesophyll cells

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8
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water vapour from leaves

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9
Q

How does water evaporate in transpiration?

A

It evaporates from the mesophyll cell’s surface, into the air spaces in the spongy layer and out through the stomata

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10
Q

What factors increase transpiration?

A

light intensity, temperature and wind

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11
Q

What factor decreases transpiration?

A

humidity

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12
Q

How does water move up the xylem?

A

Via a transpiration pull that draws water molecules, attached by intermolecular forces of attraction. The plant needs a constant number of water molecules in the xylem at any given time

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13
Q

When do plants wilt?

A

When they transpire more than they absorb water

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14
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem from sources to sinks

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15
Q

What are sources?

A

the regions (parts) of the plant responsible for releasing sucrose or amino acids

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16
Q

What are sinks?

A

the regions (parts) of the plant that utilise or store sucrose or amino acids

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17
Q

Name one plant organ that is both a source and a sink at different times.

A

Leaf: source when photosynthesis occurs, but sinks when they are growing.

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18
Q

What is cohesion and adhesion?

A

Adhesion: property of water that allows it to connect to thin walls of the xylemCohesion: property of water that keeps water molecules together like a necklace

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19
Q

What are the functions of the xylem vessel?

A

support
transport water/mineral ions from roots to leaves

20
Q

What is the function of the phloem vessel?

A

transport of amino acids and sucrose

21
Q

In a vascular bundle cross section, which vessel is on top and which is on the bottom?

A

xylem on top
phloem on bottom

22
Q

Name three adaptations found in xylem vessels.

A

thick walls with lignin
no cell contents (dead)
cells joined end to end, continuous tube

23
Q

Why do xylem vessels have thick walls?

A

support, for plant to remain upright

24
Q

Why do xylem cells have no cell contents?

A

provide space for water transport

25
Q

What is the function of the root hair cell?

A

increase surface area of roots, to increase uptake of water and mineral ions

26
Q

What is the function of the root?

A

absorb water and mineral ions from soil

27
Q

Why does the root hair cell have a large surface area?

A

increase uptake of water and mineral ions

28
Q

What is the pathway taken by water from root to leaf?

A

root hair cells -> root cortex cells -> xylem -> mesophyll cells

29
Q

What is a way to investigate the pathway of water from the stem to the leaf?

A

chop up celery, place bottom half in dyed water and see as the leaves also stain

30
Q

What is transpiration?

A

loss of water vapour from leaves

31
Q

How does water from the surface of mesophyll cells evaporate to the surroundings?

A
  1. water evaporates from surface of mesophyll cells
  2. it goes into the air spaces
  3. leaves the plant through stomata, as water vapour, via diffusion
32
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

the higher the temperature, the higher the transpiration rate

33
Q

How does wind speed affect transpiration? How does this work?

A

the faster the wind speed, the higher the transpiration rate
this is because it sweeps water vapour away from leaf surface

34
Q

How does number of stomata influence transpiration rate? Why?

A

the more stoma, the higher the transpiration rate
stoma allows water vapour to diffuse from plant; more stoma, more diffusion of water vapour

35
Q

Which features allow evaporation of water from surface of mesophyll cells to be quick?

A

air spaces
large internal surface area

36
Q

How does water move upwards in the xylem? How does this mechanism work?

A

it has a transpiration pull: this draws up a column of water molecules, held together by forces of attraction between the molecules

37
Q

How do water molecules stay held together in a transpiration pull?

A

forces of attraction between molecules

38
Q

Very simply, what is a transpiration pull?

A

suction force

39
Q

What is an environmental factor that reduces transpiration rate?

A

humidity

40
Q

What are environmental factors that increase transpiration rate?

A

light intensity, temperature and wind

41
Q

What causes wilting?

A

loss of water from plant cells

42
Q

How does wilting occur?

A

when plant cells lose more water than they gain, they lose their turgidity and become flaccid.
they can no longer stay upright and rigid and wilt

43
Q

Define ‘translocation’.

A

the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem from sources to sinks

44
Q

Define ‘sources’.

A

parts of plants that release sucrose or amino acids

45
Q

Define ‘sinks’.

A

parts of plants that use/store sucrose or amino acids

46
Q

What are two possible functions of a sink?

A

region of storage
region of use in respiration growth

47
Q

What factor might change if a part of a plant is a source or a sink?

A

seasons

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