Drugs and Receptors

Question 1

define drug

Answer 1

any chemical agent that effects processes in living organsisms

Question 2

how do most drugs act

Answer 2

stimulation or suppression of biochemical or physiological pathways

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

what the biological system ( body) does to the drug

Question 4

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 4

what the drug does to the biological system ( body)

Question 5

Therapeutics

Answer 5

use of drugs in treatment of diseases

Question 6

at what levels of the body can drugs impact

Answer 6

molecule
cell
tissue
system

Question 7

what is the primary mechanism of action of most drugs

Answer 7

interaction with receptors

Question 8

define receptor

Answer 8

functional macromolecule to which the drug binds to produce or inhibit biological response

Question 9

many drugs do not create an effect in the body but do what instead

Answer 9

modulate intrinsic physiological functions

Question 10

affinity

Answer 10

tendency of drug to bind to receptor

Question 11

intrinsic activity

Answer 11

ability of drug to initiate cellular response

Question 12

agonist

Answer 12

binds to and stimulates receptor

Question 13

antagonist

Answer 13

binds to but does not stimulate receptor

Question 14

partial agonist

Answer 14

agents that are only partly as effective as agonists no matter the amount employed

Question 15

inverse agonist

Answer 15

agents that stabilize the receptor in its inactive conformation are termed inverse agonsts

Question 16

signal tranduction

Answer 16

process by which receptor binding initiates a cascade of biochemical events that lead to a physiological reponse

Question 17

what are 3 things receptors determine

Answer 17

1. quantitative drug use
2. selectivity of drug
3. mediate actions of pharmacological antogonists

Question 18

what is key in the receptor for drug-receptor interactions

Answer 18

structure

Question 19

structure of receptor affects what

Answer 19

affinity

receptor selectivity

Question 20

chemical functional groups of receptors control what

Answer 20

drug affinity

intrinsic activity

Question 21

how are receptors classified

Answer 21

effects and potencies of selective agonists/antagonists

Question 22

what are 2 domains in physiological receptors

Answer 22

ligand-binding

effector-domain

Question 23

how does ligand binding work

Answer 23

domain are selective

competition for binding spot

Question 24

how does effector domains work

Answer 24

interact with signal transduction pathways and second messengers

Question 25

name 3 receptors as enyzmes

Answer 25

protein kinase protein kinase associated-protein Guanylyl Cylcase

Question 26

what attaches to protein kinsases

Answer 26

insulin, growth hromones

Question 27

what binds protein-kinase associated proteins

Answer 27

cytokines

Question 28

what binds guanylyl cylcase

Answer 28

atrial natriuertic peptides

Question 29

ligand-gated ion channels alter what

Answer 29

cell membrane electrochemical potential | cellular composition

Question 30

what usually binds ligand-gated channels

Answer 30

glutamate glycine nicotininc Ach

Question 31

G-protein-coupled receptors who uses them

Answer 31

hormones, neurotransmitters, amines

Question 32

G-protein-coupled receptors have what domain

Answer 32

7-membrane spanning helical domain

Question 33

which subunit of G-protein has the GTP binding site

Answer 33

Alpha

Question 34

G-protein receptors use what messengers

Answer 34

second messengers

Question 35

second messenger: cAMP regulates

Answer 35

activates cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA)

Question 36

what does adenylate cyclase do

Answer 36

produce cAMP

Question 37

second messenger cGMP regulates what and where in the body

Answer 37

PKG mucosa vascular smooth muscle cells

Question 38

second messenger: Calcium is used in what intracellular system

Answer 38

phospholipase C

Question 39

who generates cGMP

Answer 39

guanylate cyclase

Question 40

explain transcriptional-related receptors

Answer 40

soluble DNA-binding protein receptors bind to ligand | go to nucleus

Question 41

what molecules use transcriptional-related receptors

Answer 41

steroids, thyroid hormone, retinoids

Question 42

Desensitization

Answer 42

down-regulation | continuous stimulation of receptor

Question 43

example of desensitization

Answer 43

long term administration of agonist

Question 44

supersensitization

Answer 44

up regulation | chronic reduction of receptor stimulation

Question 45

example of supersensitization

Answer 45

chronic administration of antagnoist

Question 46

actions not mediated by receptors

Answer 46

antacids mannitol penicillin