cell adaptation, cell injury, cell death

Question 1

What are 2 mechanisms cells are injured

Answer 1

inherited

acquired

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

what causes disease

Question 3

pathogensis

Answer 3

how does disease propagate

Question 4

atrophy

Answer 4

shrinkage of cell size by decrease size and number of cells

Question 5

what are 5 pathologic causes of atrophy

Answer 5

inadequate nutrition
decrease use
decrease blood supply
change in hormonal level
loss nervous innervation to muscles

Question 6

what are 2 ways atrophy happens in cells

Answer 6

1. apoptosis

2. ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Question 7

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway?

Answer 7

Ubiquitin tags
proteosomes- destroyed
autophagy

Question 8

what are lipofusin?

Answer 8

brown atrophy
increased residual bodies
undigested lipitds

Question 9

defective ubiquitination may play a role in what

Answer 9

several neurodegenerative diseases

Question 10

define: hypertrophy

Answer 10

increase in size of cells

No new cells

Question 11

name 3 things that cause hypertrophy

Answer 11

increase workload
increase functional demand
hormone/growth factor

Question 12

What causes hypertrophy

Answer 12

increase growth factors (IGF-1)

increase vasoactive agents (ANF)

Question 13

ANF (atrial natriuetic factor) does what

Answer 13

in cardiac hypertrophy releases ANF to decrease blood volume

Question 14

define hyperplasia

Answer 14

increase number of cells

Question 15

3 things that cause hyperplasia

Answer 15

increase functional deman
hormonal stimulus
persistence tissue injury

Question 16

name 3 situations in which the body will start hyperplasia

Answer 16

1. low O2 breathed in
2. breast lobules
3. infection

Question 17

Metaplasia

Answer 17

change in cell type

Question 18

name 2 situations in which metaplasia can happen

Answer 18

Barret’s disease

Vitamin A Deficiency

Question 19

what happens in vitamin A Deficiency for metaplasia

Answer 19

mucus-secreating epithelium on eye turns into keratinizing epithelium

Question 20

Why do cells change in metaplasia

Answer 20

better withstand stress

Question 21

metaplasia is a risk for

Answer 21

cancer

Question 22

what are 2 mechanisms that can cause irreversible cell injury

Answer 22

necrosis

apoptosis

Question 23

necrosis

Answer 23

accidental and unregulated cell death

pathological

Question 24

necrosis is associated with

Answer 24

cell injury from ischemia

Question 25

what specific cell injuries occur in necrosis

Answer 25

cell membrane rapture nucleus -- pyknosis-karyorrhexis-karyolysis condensation - fragmentation-dissolution protein degeneration

Question 26

coagulative necrosis

Answer 26

necrotic tissue remains firm, nucleus disappears

Question 27

localized area of coagulative necrosis is called

Answer 27

infarct

Question 28

what causes necrosis

Answer 28

ischemia in all organs except brain

Question 29

liquefactive necrosis | where can it occur

Answer 29

enzymatic digestion of dead cells into liquid | brain

Question 30

what does caseous necrosis look like

Answer 30

cottage-cheese like apperance

Question 31

caseous is a combination of what kind of necrosises

Answer 31

coagulative and liquefactive

Question 32

what is fat necrosis

Answer 32

calcium deposition

Question 33

saponification

Answer 33

free fatty acids join calcium

Question 34

dystrophic calcification

Answer 34

calcium deposits on dead tissues | fat necrosis

Question 35

where does one see fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 35

vessel walls in hypertension and Vasculitis

Question 36

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 36

ischemia of lower limb and GI

Question 37

wet gangrene

Answer 37

coagulative necrosis with superimposed liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infections

Question 38

what is apoptosis

Answer 38

programmed cell death

Question 39

does apoptosis induce inflammation

Answer 39

no

Question 40

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis: cell size

Answer 40

A: shrinkage N: englarged

Question 41

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis: process of dying

Answer 41

A: fragment nucleosome N: nucleus-pyknosis-karyorrhexis-karyolysis

Question 42

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis: plasma membrane

Answer 42

A: intact N: disrupted

Question 43

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis: leakage

Answer 43

A: no N: cellular components

Question 44

autophagy

Answer 44

starved cell eat its own components in an attempt to reduce nutrient demand to match supply

Question 45

name 2 pathways in apoptosis

Answer 45

ntrinsic mitochondrial pathway | extrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Question 46

etrinsic mitochondrial pathway what happens

Answer 46

FAS ligand binds FAS death receptor | TNG binds TNG receptor

Question 47

Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway is triggered by

Answer 47

loss of cell survival signals (BCL2 ) | cytochrome c activates protease

Question 48

etrinsic mitochondrial pathway when does this happen

Answer 48

T lymphocytes

Question 49

apoptosis results from the activation from what enzyme

Answer 49

caspases

Question 50

When do the two apoptotic pathways converge

Answer 50

caspase activation

Question 51

biochemical mechanisms of cell injury, name 4

Answer 51

1. reduced ATP production 2. loss calcium homeostasis 3. disrupt membrane permeability 4. free radicals