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POD Exam 1 > cell adaptation, cell injury, cell death > Flashcards

cell adaptation, cell injury, cell death Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 mechanisms cells are injured

A

inherited

acquired

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2
Q

etiology

A

what causes disease

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3
Q

pathogensis

A

how does disease propagate

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4
Q

atrophy

A

shrinkage of cell size by decrease size and number of cells

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5
Q

what are 5 pathologic causes of atrophy

A 
inadequate nutrition
decrease use
decrease blood supply
change in hormonal level
loss nervous innervation to muscles
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6
Q

what are 2 ways atrophy happens in cells

A
  1. apoptosis

2. ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

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7
Q

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway?

A

Ubiquitin tags
proteosomes- destroyed
autophagy

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8
Q

what are lipofusin?

A

brown atrophy
increased residual bodies
undigested lipitds

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9
Q

defective ubiquitination may play a role in what

A

several neurodegenerative diseases

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10
Q

define: hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cells

No new cells

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11
Q

name 3 things that cause hypertrophy

A

increase workload
increase functional demand
hormone/growth factor

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12
Q

What causes hypertrophy

A

increase growth factors (IGF-1)

increase vasoactive agents (ANF)

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13
Q

ANF (atrial natriuetic factor) does what

A

in cardiac hypertrophy releases ANF to decrease blood volume

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14
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increase number of cells

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15
Q

3 things that cause hyperplasia

A

increase functional deman
hormonal stimulus
persistence tissue injury

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16
Q

name 3 situations in which the body will start hyperplasia

A
  1. low O2 breathed in
  2. breast lobules
  3. infection
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17
Q

Metaplasia

A

change in cell type

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18
Q

name 2 situations in which metaplasia can happen

A

Barret’s disease

Vitamin A Deficiency

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19
Q

what happens in vitamin A Deficiency for metaplasia

A

mucus-secreating epithelium on eye turns into keratinizing epithelium

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20
Q

Why do cells change in metaplasia

A

better withstand stress

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21
Q

metaplasia is a risk for

A

cancer

22
Q

what are 2 mechanisms that can cause irreversible cell injury

A

necrosis

apoptosis

23
Q

necrosis

A

accidental and unregulated cell death

pathological

24
Q

necrosis is associated with

A

cell injury from ischemia

25
Q

what specific cell injuries occur in necrosis

A

cell membrane rapture
nucleus – pyknosis-karyorrhexis-karyolysis
condensation - fragmentation-dissolution
protein degeneration

26
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

necrotic tissue remains firm, nucleus disappears

27
Q

localized area of coagulative necrosis is called

A

infarct

28
Q

what causes necrosis

A

ischemia in all organs except brain

29
Q

liquefactive necrosis

where can it occur

A

enzymatic digestion of dead cells into liquid

brain

30
Q

what does caseous necrosis look like

A

cottage-cheese like apperance

31
Q

caseous is a combination of what kind of necrosises

A

coagulative and liquefactive

32
Q

what is fat necrosis

A

calcium deposition

33
Q

saponification

A

free fatty acids join calcium

34
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

calcium deposits on dead tissues

fat necrosis

35
Q

where does one see fibrinoid necrosis

A

vessel walls in hypertension and Vasculitis

36
Q

gangrenous necrosis

A

ischemia of lower limb and GI

37
Q

wet gangrene

A

coagulative necrosis with superimposed liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infections

38
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

39
Q

does apoptosis induce inflammation

A

no

40
Q

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis: cell size

A

A: shrinkage
N: englarged

41
Q

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis: process of dying

A

A: fragment nucleosome
N: nucleus-pyknosis-karyorrhexis-karyolysis

42
Q

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis: plasma membrane

A

A: intact
N: disrupted

43
Q

Apoptosis vs. Necrosis: leakage

A

A: no
N: cellular components

44
Q

autophagy

A

starved cell eat its own components in an attempt to reduce nutrient demand to match supply

45
Q

name 2 pathways in apoptosis

A

ntrinsic mitochondrial pathway

extrinsic mitochondrial pathway

46
Q

etrinsic mitochondrial pathway what happens

A

FAS ligand binds FAS death receptor

TNG binds TNG receptor

47
Q

Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway is triggered by

A

loss of cell survival signals (BCL2 )

cytochrome c activates protease

48
Q

etrinsic mitochondrial pathway when does this happen

A

T lymphocytes

49
Q

apoptosis results from the activation from what enzyme

A

caspases

50
Q

When do the two apoptotic pathways converge

A

caspase activation

51
Q

biochemical mechanisms of cell injury, name 4

A
  1. reduced ATP production
  2. loss calcium homeostasis
  3. disrupt membrane permeability
  4. free radicals

POD Exam 1 (17 decks)

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