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Pharmacy > DRUGS ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

DRUGS ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Impairment of airflow in bronchial asthma is caused by

A

i. Contraction of airway smooth muscles
ii. Thickening of bronchial mucosa from edema and cellular infiltration
iii. Inspissations in the airway lumen of abnormally thick, viscid plugs of excessive mucus.

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2
Q

How many type of bronchial asthma?

A

Extrinsic and Intrinsic.

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3
Q

Extrinsic asthma is associated with history of

A

allergies in childhood, family history of allergies, hay fever, or elevated IgE.

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4
Q

Which asthma type occurs in middle age?

A

Intrinsic asthma occurs in middle-aged subjects with no family history of allergies, negative skin tests and normal serum IgE.

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5
Q

Define Asthma?

A

Asthma is a disease mediated by reaginic (IgE) antibodies bound to mast cells in the airway mucosa. But not all features of asthma can be accounted for by antigen-challenge model. Nonantigenic stimuli like viral infections, exercise, and cold air stimulate bronchial spasm.

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6
Q

How many categories of drug group used in bronchia asthma?

A

Three main categories
1. Bronchodilators
2. Mast cell stabilizers
3. Antiinflammatory agents (corticosteroids)

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7
Q

What are the drugs come under Mast cell stabilizers category?

A

Cromolyn sodium
Nedocromil
Ketotifen

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8
Q

How many Bronchodilators drug types?

A

β- Adrenergic agonists
Methylxanthines
Muscuranic receptor antagonists

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9
Q

Name bronchodilators muscarinic receptor antagonists?

A

Pratropium bromide

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10
Q

Name methylxanthines drugs?

A

Theophylline derivatives

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11
Q

Bronchodilators β- adrenergic agonists include:

A

Non selective β-agonists e.g. adrenaline
Selective β-agonists e.g. salbutamol

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12
Q

Salbutamol is

A

Bronchodilators β- adrenergic agonists

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13
Q

Adrenaline is

A

Bronchodilators non selective β-agonists

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14
Q

What anti-inflammatory agent used to treat BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

A

Corticosteroids

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15
Q

β- Adrenergic agonists is also called

A

SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS

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16
Q

What are the SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS non- selective- β-agonists?

A

Epinephrine
Ephedrine
Isoprotenerol

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17
Q

What are the SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS selective- β-agonists?

A

Salbutamol
Terbutaline
Metaproterenol
Salmeterol
Formaterol

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18
Q

What is Mechanism of Action of β-Agonists?

A

β-Agonists stimulate adenyl cyclase and increase formation of cAMP in the airway tissues.

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19
Q

What is pharmacological actions of β-Agonists?

A
  • Relax smooth muscles
  • Inhibit release of inflammatory mediator
  • Inhibit microvasculature leakage
  • Increase mucociliary transport
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20
Q

What is pharmacological actions of non-selective β- agonists?

A

Cause more cardiac stimulation
Bronchodilator

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21
Q

What is contra-indication of SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS?

A

Hypertension
Arrhythmia

22
Q

Which Non- selective- β-agonists drug is long duration of action?

A

Ephedrine

23
Q

Which are the new generation of long acting β2- selective agonists?

A

Salmeterol
Formeterol

24
Q

What are the side effects of Selective β2- selective agonists?

A

Tremors, anxiety, insomnia, tachycardia, headache, hypertension

25
Q

Sympathomimetics are contraindicated in patients with

A

known hypersensitivity to the drugs

26
Q

What precautions should take for Selective β2- selective agonists?

A

Precautions: They should be used cautiously in patients with hypertension, cardiac dysfunction, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, diabetes, pregnancy.

27
Q

What are the METHYLXANTHINES drugs?

A

Theophylline
Caffeine
Theobromine

28
Q

What is MUSCRANIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS mechanism of action?

A

Muscarinic antagonist competitively inhibit effect of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors – hence block the contraction of air way smooth muscle and the increase in secretion of mucus that occurs in response to vagal activity e.g atropine sulfate

29
Q

Name few corticosteroids drugs?

A

Hydrocortisone
Predinisolone
Beclomethasone
Triamcinolone

30
Q

Why corticosteroids not given via oral route routinely?

A

Because of severe adverse effects when given chronically, oral and parenteral corticosteroids are reserved for patient who need urgent treatment and those who have not improved with 81
bronchodilator.

31
Q

What are the Clinical uses of corticosteroids in bronchial asthma?

A
  1. Urgent treatment of severe asthma not improved with
    bronchodilator - IV, inhalation or oral.
  2. Nocturnal asthma prevention - oral or inhalation
  3. Chronic asthma - Regular aerosol corticosteroids
32
Q

What is the drug name used as MAST CELL STABILIZERS?

A

Cromolyn sodium

33
Q

What is clinical use for Cromolyn sodium?

A

Exercise and antigen induced asthma
Occupational asthma

34
Q

What are the side effects of Cromolyn sodium?

A

Throat irritation, cough, dryness of mouth, chest tightness

35
Q

What is Status asthmatics?

A

Very sever and sustained attack of asthma which fails to respond to treatment with usual measures

36
Q

What are the management of status asthmatics

A
  • Administration of oxygen
  • Frequent or continuous administration of aerosolized ß2 agonists like salbutamol
  • Systemic corticosteroid like methyl prednisolone or hydrocortisone IV
  • Aminophylline IV infusion
  • Iv fluid to avoid dehydration
  • Antibiotics in the presence of evidence of infection
37
Q

How many types of Anti-tussives drugs?

A

Central antitussives
Peripheral antitussives

38
Q

What is the peripheral antitussives drugs?

A

Demulcents (liquorices lozenges, honey)

39
Q

Name Central antitussives drugs?

A

o Opoid antitussive e.g. codeine, hydrocodeine, etc
o Non opoid antitussives e.g. dextromethorphan

40
Q

Central antitussive drugs divided into two groups, which are:

A

Opoid antitussive
Non opoid antitussives

41
Q

Name Opoid antitussive drugs?

A

Codeine, Hydrocodeine,

42
Q

Codeine drugs is a

A

narcotic relatively less addicting drug and central antitussive agen and it’s main side effects are dryness of mouth, constipation and dependence.

43
Q

DEXTROMETROPHAN drugs is

A

is an opoid synthetic antitussive, essentially free of analgesic and addictive properties and the main side effects are respiratory depression

44
Q

What is DECONGESTANTS?

A

Decongestants are the drugs that reduce congestion of nasal passages, which in turn open clogged nasal passages and enhances drainages of the sinuses.

45
Q

Name few DECONGESTANTS drugs?

A

Phenylephrine
Oxymetazoline

46
Q

What is the clinical uses of DECONGESTANTS

A

Used in congestion associated with rhinitis, hay fever, allergic rhinitis and to a lesser extent common cold.

47
Q

What is the classifications of DECONGESTANTS?

A
  1. Short acting decongestants administered topically
  2. Long acting decongestants administered orally
  3. Long acting topical decongestants
48
Q

What are short acting decongestants?

A

Phenylepherne
Phenylpropanolamine

49
Q

What are long acting decongestants?

A

Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
Naphazoline

50
Q

What are long acting topical decongestants

A

Xylometazoline
Oxymetazoline

51
Q

What are the contraindications of decongestants?

A

Hypertension
Severe coronary artery disease

52
Q

Short-acting beta-agonists

A

Pharmacy (7 decks)

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