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DRUGS ACTING ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Parkinsonism is due to:

A

Dopamine deficiency

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2
Q

Excessive dopamine activity is implicated in:

A

Schizophrenia

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3
Q

What is Dopamine?

A

Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter, which is a chemical messenger in the brain that transmits signals between neurons (nerve cells). Dopamine plays an important role in several functions in the brain, including movement, motivation, reward, and pleasure.

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4
Q

Deficiency in noradrenergic transmission results in:

A

Depression

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5
Q

Abnormalities in cholinergic (acetylcholine) pathways leads to:

A

Dementia and parkinsonism

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6
Q

What is GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)?

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a neurotransmitter that is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS).

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7
Q

GABA stands for:

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

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8
Q

What is the function of GABA?

A

It is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is involved in several functions in the brain, including the regulation of anxiety, stress, and sleep.

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9
Q

Name few GABA drugs?

A

Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates

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10
Q

What disease occurs when GABA inbalances?

A

Epilepsy
Anxiety disorders
Depression

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11
Q

Which are the inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA
Glycine

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12
Q

Name few Inhalation anesthetics?

A

Halothane
Nitrous oxide
Enflurane
Ether

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13
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics is most widely used?

A

Halothane

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14
Q

Halothane is:

A

highly lipid soluble, potent
can causes arrhythmia

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15
Q

What potency means in pharmacy?

A

Potency in pharmacy refers to the strength or concentration of a medication or drug.

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16
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics has analgesic effect?

A

Nitrous oxide

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17
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics is less toxic?

A

Enflurane (Poorly metabolized in the liver, thus less toxic than halothane)

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18
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics is highly explosive?

A

Ether

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19
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics have both analgesic and muscles relaxant properties?

A

Ether

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20
Q

What are the INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETICS?

A

Thiopentone
Propofol
Ketamine
Benzodiazepine
Etomidate

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21
Q

How long it takes to producing unconsciousness effect by IV anesthetics?

A

About 20 seconds

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22
Q

Name the short acting benzodiazepine?

A

Midazolam

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23
Q

What is the difference between Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates?

A

Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs that act as central nervous system depressants.
Barbiturates, on the other hand, are a class of sedative-hypnotic drugs that also act as central nervous system depressants.

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24
Q

How does benzodiazepines work?

A

They enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which reduces the activity of certain neurons and produces a calming effect.

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25
Q

How does barbiturates work?

A

They bind to a specific site on the GABA receptor and enhance the effect of GABA, which slows down the activity of the brain and produces a sedative effect.

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26
Q

Which barbiturate is used as anesthetics to induce and maintain general anesthesia during surgery?

A

Thiopental

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27
Q

Which drugs can be used to manage withdrawal symptoms in people who are addicted to alcohol or other drugs?

A

Barbiturates

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28
Q

Which drugs sometimes is used for euthanasia or assisted suicide in terminally ill patients?

A

Barbiturates (thiopental - very high dose)
It’s important to note that the practice of euthanasia is illegal in many countries around the world including UK.

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29
Q

Name few Barbiturates drugs?

A

Phenobarbital
Thiopental
Secobarbital

30
Q

Which IV anesthesia act without actual loss of consciousness?

A

Ketamine (it paralysis of movement with without actual loss of consciousness)

31
Q

What is difference between anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs?

A

Anxiolytic drugs are used to treat the symptoms of anxiety, where as hypnotic drugs used to treat insomnia.

32
Q

What are the classes of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs?

A

Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
β -adrenoceptor antagonists
5- HT1A receptor agonist

33
Q

Which drug is less commonly used as sedative/hypnotics?

A

Phenobarbitone

34
Q

Name β -adrenoceptor antagonists drug?

A

propranolol

35
Q

What is the name of 5- HT1A receptor agonist?

36
Q

What are the name of short acting benzodiazepines?

A

Flurazepam
Triazolam

37
Q

What are the name of medium acting benzodiazepines?

A

Alprazepam
Lorazepam)

38
Q

What are the name of Long acting benzodiazepines?

A

Diazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
Clonazepam

39
Q

What are the clinical uses of benzodiazepines?

A
  • Treatment insomnia
  • Anxiety
  • Acute alcohol withdrawal
  • As anticonvulsants
  • Chronic muscle spasm and spasticity
40
Q

Which benzodiazepines does not cause sedation?

A

Buspirone (HT1A receptor agonist)
Anxiolytic effects take days to weeks to develop.

41
Q

What are the ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS?

A

Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Valproate
Ethosuximide
Phenobarbitone

42
Q

What is the dopamine agonists drug name?

A

Bromocryptine

43
Q

What the Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors drugs?

A

Selegiline

44
Q

Which drug has antiviral agent, was by chance found to have antiparkinsonism properties?

A

Amantadine

45
Q

Which acetylcholine blocking drugs are used for PARKINSONISM?

A

Benztropine
Trihexyphenidyl

46
Q

What are the ANTIPSYCHOTIC drugs?

A

Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine
Clozapine
Sulpiride
Haloperidol
Flupenthixol

47
Q

What are the types of ANTIDEPRESSANT drugs?

A
  1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
  2. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
  3. 5-HT uptake inhibitors
  4. Atypical antidepressants
48
Q

What are the types of ANTIDEPRESSANT drugs?

A
  1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
  2. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
  3. 5-HT uptake inhibitors
  4. Atypical antidepressants
49
Q

Opioid Analgesics are divided into two:

A

Morphine analogues and synthetic derivatives.

50
Q

Morphine analogues may be:

A

Agonist, partial agonists and antagonists

51
Q

What are the morphine analogues agonist compounds?

A

Codeine
Heroin

52
Q

What is the morphine partial agonists agonist compound?

A

Nalorphine
Pentazocine

53
Q

What is the morphine antagonists compound?

54
Q

Name few opioid Analgesics synthetic derivatives?

A

Fentanyl
Methadone
Pentazocine
Pethidine

55
Q

What is the opioid mechanism of action?

A

Opioid agonists produce analgesia by binding to specific receptors,
located primarily in brain and spinal cord regions involved in the transmission and modulation of pain.

56
Q

What is Euphoria?

A

After a dose of morphine, a typical patient in pain experiences a pleasant floating sensation and freedom from anxiety and distress.

57
Q

What are the CNS effects of morphine and its synthetic derivatives?

A

Analgesia
Euphoria
Sedation
Respiratory depression
Cough suppression
Miosis (Constriction of the pupil )
Nausea and vomiting

58
Q

What are the peripheral effects of morphine and its synthetic derivatives?

A

Hypotension
Constipation

59
Q

What are the clinical uses of opioid analgesics?

A

Opioids are used in severe, constant pain, acute pulmonary edema (pulmonary edema associated with left ventricular failure), cough suppression, diarrhea, and pre-anesthetic medication.

60
Q

What is the CNS stimulant classification?

A
  1. Convulsants and respiratory stimulants
  2. Psychomotor stimulants
  3. Psychotomimetic drug
61
Q

Name a narcotic analgesics?

62
Q

What are the psychomotor stimulants drugs?

A

Amphetamine
Cocaine
Nicotine
Caffeine

63
Q

What is the methods of administration of surface anaesthesia?

A

Nose, mouth, urinary tract (Lidocaine)

64
Q

What is the methods of administration of infiltration anesthesia?

A

Direct injection into tissues to reach nerve branches and terminals. Minor surgery

65
Q

What is the methods of administration of Regional anaesthesia?

A

LA injected IV distal to a pressure cuff, limb surgery

66
Q

What is the methods of administration of Nerve block anesthesia?

A

LA injected close to nerve trunks. Dentistry

67
Q

What is the methods of administration of Spinal anesthesia anesthesia?

A

LA injected into sub-arachinoid space. Pelvis surgery

68
Q

What is the methods of administration of Epidural anesthesia?

A

LA injected into epidural space. e.g. in Labour.

69
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in certain parts of the brain.

70
Q

Name a medication that use in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Levodopa
Carbidopa

Pharmacy (7 decks)

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