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DRUGS ACTING ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Parkinsonism is due to:

A

Dopamine deficiency

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2
Q

Excessive dopamine activity is implicated in:

A

Schizophrenia

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3
Q

What is Dopamine?

A

Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter, which is a chemical messenger in the brain that transmits signals between neurons (nerve cells). Dopamine plays an important role in several functions in the brain, including movement, motivation, reward, and pleasure.

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4
Q

Deficiency in noradrenergic transmission results in:

A

Depression

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5
Q

Abnormalities in cholinergic (acetylcholine) pathways leads to:

A

Dementia and parkinsonism

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6
Q

What is GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)?

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a neurotransmitter that is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS).

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7
Q

GABA stands for:

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

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8
Q

What is the function of GABA?

A

It is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is involved in several functions in the brain, including the regulation of anxiety, stress, and sleep.

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9
Q

Name few GABA drugs?

A

Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates

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10
Q

What disease occurs when GABA inbalances?

A

Epilepsy
Anxiety disorders
Depression

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11
Q

Which are the inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA
Glycine

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12
Q

Name few Inhalation anesthetics?

A

Halothane
Nitrous oxide
Enflurane
Ether

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13
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics is most widely used?

A

Halothane

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14
Q

Halothane is:

A

highly lipid soluble, potent
can causes arrhythmia

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15
Q

What potency means in pharmacy?

A

Potency in pharmacy refers to the strength or concentration of a medication or drug.

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16
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics has analgesic effect?

A

Nitrous oxide

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17
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics is less toxic?

A

Enflurane (Poorly metabolized in the liver, thus less toxic than halothane)

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18
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics is highly explosive?

A

Ether

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19
Q

Which inhalation anesthetics have both analgesic and muscles relaxant properties?

A

Ether

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20
Q

What are the INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETICS?

A

Thiopentone
Propofol
Ketamine
Benzodiazepine
Etomidate

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21
Q

How long it takes to producing unconsciousness effect by IV anesthetics?

A

About 20 seconds

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22
Q

Name the short acting benzodiazepine?

A

Midazolam

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23
Q

What is the difference between Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates?

A

Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs that act as central nervous system depressants.
Barbiturates, on the other hand, are a class of sedative-hypnotic drugs that also act as central nervous system depressants.

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24
Q

How does benzodiazepines work?

A

They enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which reduces the activity of certain neurons and produces a calming effect.

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25
How does barbiturates work?
They bind to a specific site on the GABA receptor and enhance the effect of GABA, which slows down the activity of the brain and produces a sedative effect.
26
Which barbiturate is used as anesthetics to induce and maintain general anesthesia during surgery?
Thiopental
27
Which drugs can be used to manage withdrawal symptoms in people who are addicted to alcohol or other drugs?
Barbiturates
28
Which drugs sometimes is used for euthanasia or assisted suicide in terminally ill patients?
Barbiturates (thiopental - very high dose) It's important to note that the practice of euthanasia is illegal in many countries around the world including UK.
29
Name few Barbiturates drugs?
Phenobarbital Thiopental Secobarbital
30
Which IV anesthesia act without actual loss of consciousness?
Ketamine (it paralysis of movement with without actual loss of consciousness)
31
What is difference between anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs?
Anxiolytic drugs are used to treat the symptoms of anxiety, where as hypnotic drugs used to treat insomnia.
32
What are the classes of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs?
Benzodiazepines Barbiturates β -adrenoceptor antagonists 5- HT1A receptor agonist
33
Which drug is less commonly used as sedative/hypnotics?
Phenobarbitone
34
Name β -adrenoceptor antagonists drug?
propranolol
35
What is the name of 5- HT1A receptor agonist?
Buspirone
36
What are the name of short acting benzodiazepines?
Flurazepam Triazolam
37
What are the name of medium acting benzodiazepines?
Alprazepam Lorazepam)
38
What are the name of Long acting benzodiazepines?
Diazepam Chlordiazepoxide Clonazepam
39
What are the clinical uses of benzodiazepines?
* Treatment insomnia * Anxiety * Acute alcohol withdrawal * As anticonvulsants * Chronic muscle spasm and spasticity
40
Which benzodiazepines does not cause sedation?
Buspirone (HT1A receptor agonist) Anxiolytic effects take days to weeks to develop.
41
What are the ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS?
Phenytoin Carbamazepine Valproate Ethosuximide Phenobarbitone
42
What is the dopamine agonists drug name?
Bromocryptine
43
What the Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors drugs?
Selegiline
44
Which drug has antiviral agent, was by chance found to have antiparkinsonism properties?
Amantadine
45
Which acetylcholine blocking drugs are used for PARKINSONISM?
Benztropine Trihexyphenidyl
46
What are the ANTIPSYCHOTIC drugs?
Chlorpromazine Thioridazine Clozapine Sulpiride Haloperidol Flupenthixol
47
What are the types of ANTIDEPRESSANT drugs?
1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) 2. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) 3. 5-HT uptake inhibitors 4. Atypical antidepressants
48
What are the types of ANTIDEPRESSANT drugs?
1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) 2. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) 3. 5-HT uptake inhibitors 4. Atypical antidepressants
49
Opioid Analgesics are divided into two:
Morphine analogues and synthetic derivatives.
50
Morphine analogues may be:
Agonist, partial agonists and antagonists
51
What are the morphine analogues agonist compounds?
Codeine Heroin
52
What is the morphine partial agonists agonist compound?
Nalorphine Pentazocine
53
What is the morphine antagonists compound?
Naloxone
54
Name few opioid Analgesics synthetic derivatives?
Fentanyl Methadone Pentazocine Pethidine
55
What is the opioid mechanism of action?
Opioid agonists produce analgesia by binding to specific receptors, located primarily in brain and spinal cord regions involved in the transmission and modulation of pain.
56
What is Euphoria?
After a dose of morphine, a typical patient in pain experiences a pleasant floating sensation and freedom from anxiety and distress.
57
What are the CNS effects of morphine and its synthetic derivatives?
Analgesia Euphoria Sedation Respiratory depression Cough suppression Miosis (Constriction of the pupil ) Nausea and vomiting
58
What are the peripheral effects of morphine and its synthetic derivatives?
Hypotension Constipation
59
What are the clinical uses of opioid analgesics?
Opioids are used in severe, constant pain, acute pulmonary edema (pulmonary edema associated with left ventricular failure), cough suppression, diarrhea, and pre-anesthetic medication.
60
What is the CNS stimulant classification?
1. Convulsants and respiratory stimulants 2. Psychomotor stimulants 3. Psychotomimetic drug
61
Name a narcotic analgesics?
Morphine
62
What are the psychomotor stimulants drugs?
Amphetamine Cocaine Nicotine Caffeine
63
What is the methods of administration of surface anaesthesia?
Nose, mouth, urinary tract (Lidocaine)
64
What is the methods of administration of infiltration anesthesia?
Direct injection into tissues to reach nerve branches and terminals. Minor surgery
65
What is the methods of administration of Regional anaesthesia?
LA injected IV distal to a pressure cuff, limb surgery
66
What is the methods of administration of Nerve block anesthesia?
LA injected close to nerve trunks. Dentistry
67
What is the methods of administration of Spinal anesthesia anesthesia?
LA injected into sub-arachinoid space. Pelvis surgery
68
What is the methods of administration of Epidural anesthesia?
LA injected into epidural space. e.g. in Labour.
69
What is Parkinson's disease?
A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in certain parts of the brain.
70
Name a medication that use in Parkinson's disease?
Levodopa Carbidopa

Pharmacy (7 decks)

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