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DRUGS ACTING ON THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is peripheral nervous system includes?

A

Includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems which control voluntary and involuntary functions respectively.

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2
Q

Which part of spine Sympathetic nervous system arise from ?

A

Arises from the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord.
The preganglionic fibers for the parasympathetic nervous system arise from the cranial and sacral nerves.

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system pharmacology refers to?

A

Study of drugs that affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many of the involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiratory rate. These drugs can either mimic or block the actions of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, that are released by the autonomic nervous system.

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4
Q

Autonomic drugs can be classified as

A

Sympathetic or Parasympathetic drugs

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5
Q

The autonomic nervous system is further divided into

A

Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system.

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6
Q

Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for

A

“fight or flight” response in the body. When activated, it increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.

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7
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “rest and digest” response in the body. When activated, it slows down heart rate, decreases blood pressure,

A

“rest and digest” response in the body. When activated, it slows down heart rate, decreases blood pressure.

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8
Q

What is the Third division of autonomic nervous system?

A

Enteric nervous system, which regulates the digestive tract’s motility and secretion.

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system is essential for

A

regulating many of the body’s vital functions and maintaining homeostasis.

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10
Q

Which are two important neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine and Nor-adrenaline (norepinephrine)

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11
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter which is released after stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system to act on effector organs (cells) to elicit their response

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12
Q

What is the function of neurotransmitter?

A

Provide passage of an impulse across a synapse

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13
Q

what is cholinergic receptor?

A

A type of receptor that binds to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These receptors are found throughout the body, including in the brain, the neuromuscular junction, and other organs.

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14
Q

What are two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic.

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15
Q

Nicotinic receptors mediate

A

muscle contraction

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16
Q

Muscarinic receptors are found in

A

brain and in smooth muscle

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17
Q

What is the function of Muscarinic receptors?

A

Regulation of heart rate, smooth muscle contraction, and glandular secretion.

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18
Q

Cholinergic drugs are also called

A

Parasympathomimetics

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19
Q

How many groups of cholinergic drugs?

A

2 groups. Direct-acting and Indirect-acting

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20
Q

There are two sub group of direct-acting cholinergic drugs:

A

Esters of choline and Cholinergic alkaloids

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21
Q

What are Esters of choline drugs?

A

Methacholine, Carbachol, Betanechol

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22
Q

What are Cholinergic alkaloids drugs?

A

Pilocarpine, Muscarine, Arecoline, Nicotine

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23
Q

BETANECHOL is contraindicated to?

A

Bronchial asthma, Hyperthyroidism, Peptic ulcer disease, Coronary insufficiency

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24
Q

What is PILOCARPINE Indication?

A

Glaucoma

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25
What is PHYSOSTIGMINE Indication?
* Glaucoma * Atropine over dosage
26
What is NEOSTIGMINE Indication?
* Myasthenia gravis * Paralytic Ileus * Reversal of effect of muscle relaxants, e.g. tubocurarine * Post operative urine retention
27
What is effect of ATROPINE in eye?
- Relaxation of constrictor pupillae (mydriasis) - Relaxation or weakening of ciliary muscle (cycloplegia-loss of the ability to accommodate)
28
What is effect of ATROPINE in CNS?
- Lower doses produce sedation - Higher doses produce excitation, agitation and hallucination
29
What is effect of ATROPINE in CVS?
- Blocks vagal parasympathetic stimulation (tachycardia) - Vasoconstriction
30
What is effect of ATROPINE in Respiratory?
Bronchodilatation and reduction of secretion
31
What is effect of ATROPINE in GIT?
Relaxes smooth muscle of ureter and bladder wall; voiding is slowed
32
What is effect of ATROPINE in Sweat Glands?
Suppresses sweating
33
What are clinical indication for Atropine?
Pre anesthetic medication -to reduce the amount of secretion and to prevent excessive vagal tone due to anesthesia. As antispasmodic in cases of intestinal, biliary, and renal colic Heart block Hyperhidrosis Organophosphate poisonings
34
What are side effects of Atropine?
* Dryness of the mouth, tachycardia and blurred vision * Retention of urine
35
What are contraindication of Atropine?
Glaucoma and Bladder outlet obstruction.
36
What is Pharmacokinetics of Atropine
Atropine is absorbed completely from all sites of administration except from the skin wall, where absorption is for limited extent; it has good distribution. About 60% of the drug is excreted unchanged in urine.
37
HYOSCINE is also called
SCOPOLAMINE
38
What is difference between hyoscine and atropine?
This drug has the same effect as atropine except for some differences which includes:- - It has shorter duration of action - It is more depressant to the CNS.
39
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which is a part of
the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that regulates various physiological functions, including the "fight or flight" response.
40
Why hyoscine has certain advantages over atropine?
A. Better for preanesthetic medication because of strong antisecretory and antiemetic action and also brings about amnesia B. Can be used for short- travel motion sickness
41
What are the neurotransmitters of sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings (Sympathetic effector cells)
42
Give some example of sympathetic effector cells?
- Smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels - Cardiac muscle cells in the heart - Gland cells in the adrenal medulla
43
epinephrine is also called
adrenaline
44
norepinephrine is also called
noradrenaline
45
what are catecholamines?
A group of hormones and neurotransmitters that play important roles in the body's response to stress, regulation of blood pressure and heart rate, and the activation of the "fight or flight" response.
46
Name few catecholamines?
epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine
47
Sympathetic nervous system is also called
The adrenergic system (part of autonomic nervous system)
48
Which is nervous system is responsible for the body's response to stress and emergency situations?
Autonomic nervous system (adrenergic system)
49
Release of the catecholamines is primarily mediated from
the adrenal gland and sympathetic nerve endings.
50
The activation of the adrenergic system (autonomic nervous system ) can lead to
Decreased digestive activity. , increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, dilation of the pupils, bronchodilation (all are "fight or flight" responses)
51
Drugs that target the adrenergic system are used in the treatment of various conditions like:
Hypertension, asthma, and certain types of heart disease
52
What is effect of activation of adrenergic system in skeletal muscle?
Dilatation of skeletal muscle vessels
53
What is effect of activation of adrenergic system in Blood Vessels and Blood pressure?
Constriction of blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes
54
What is effect of activation of adrenergic system in smooth muscles?
a. Bronchi: relaxation. b. Uterus: relaxation of the pregnant uterus c. GIT: relaxation of wall muscles and contraction of sphincters d. Bladder: relaxation of detrusor muscle; contraction of sphincter and trigone muscle
55
What is agonist?
Neurotransmitters in the brain, agonists are chemicals that mimic the action of natural neurotransmitters by binding to specific receptors and activating them, leading to various effects such as increased or decreased neuronal activity. In pharmacology, agonists can be used to activate or enhance the activity of a specific receptor to treat various medical conditions.
56
What is antagonist?
An antagonist refers to a substance that can bind to a specific receptor and block or inhibit its activity, thus preventing the natural ligand or agonist from binding and producing a physiological response. In pharmacology, antagonists can be used to block or inhibit the activity of a specific receptor to treat various medical conditions, such as high blood pressure
57
How many adrenergic receptors are in human body?
Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors
58
What is the characteristics of Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors?
Found in many tissues throughout the body, including blood vessels, the heart, and smooth muscles, and their activation can cause vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), increased heart rate, and smooth muscle contraction.
59
Is Alpha 1 receptor a neurotransmitters?
Alpha 1 receptors are not neurotransmitters, but rather a type of adrenergic receptor that responds to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) and the hormone epinephrine (also known as adrenaline).
60
Epinephrine is a hormone that is released
by the adrenal medulla
61
What are the Alpha 1 agonist drugs?
Phenylephrine Methoxamine
62
What are the Alpha 2 agonist drugs?
Clonidine Oxymetazoline
63
What are the Alpha 1 antagonist drugs?
Prazosin Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine
64
What are the Alpha 2 antagonist drugs?
Yohimbine Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine
65
Adrenaline stimulates
all the four receptor subtypes (Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1 and Beta 2)
66
Noradrenaline stimulates
Both alpha receptors and beta1 but has very poor affinity for beta2
67
Why adrenaline is ineffective by oral route?
Adrenaline is rapidly destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract. Should be given intramuscularly or subcutaneous. Intravenous injection is highly dangerous and is likely to precipitate ventricular fibrillation.
68
What are the indications of ADRENALINE?
1. Acute bronchial asthma 2. Anaphylaxis 3. Local haemostatic to stop bleeding in epistaxis 4. With local anesthesia to prolong the action 5. Cardiac arrest
69
What are the adverse reactions of ADRENALINE?
1. Anxiety, restlessness, headache tremor 2. Anginal pain 3. Cardiac arrhythmias and palpitations 4. Sharp rise in blood pressure 5. Sever vasoconstriction resulting in gangrene of extremities 6. Tearing, conjunctival hyperemia
70
What are the contra-indication of ADRENALINE?
1. Coronary diseases 2. Hyperthyroidism 3. Hypertension 4. Digitalis therapy 5. Injection around end arteries
71
What are indications of NOR ADRENALINE?
Nor adrenalines is used as hypertensive agent in hypotensive states
72
What are adverse effects of NOR ADRENALINE?
- Anxiety, headache, bradycardia are common side effects - Severe Hypertension in sensitive individuals - Extravasation of the drug causes necrosis and sloughing.
73
Name the catecholamines
ISOPRENALINE DOPAMINE, DOBUTAMINE. NOR ADRENALINE
74
Name the none-catecholamines
EPHEDRINE
75
EPHEDRINE should use for
1. Bronchial asthma: - usually as a prophylactic for prevention of attacks 2. Nasal decongestion 3. Mydriasis 4. Heart block 5. Nocturnal enuresis
76
Prazosin is a
Alpha adrenergic receptor antagonists (use for hypertension) High affinity for alpha1 receptor and relatively low affinity for the alpha2 receptor
77
Prazosin drug is used for
- Essential hypertension - Raynaud’s syndrome - BPH (Benign prostatic hyperplasia)
78
PROPRANOLOL is used for
* Cardiac arrhythmias * Hypertension * Prophylaxis against angina * Myocardial infarction * Thyrotoxicosis * Anxiety states (suppression of the physical manifestations of situational anxiety) * Prophylaxis against migraine attacks * Glaucoma
79
PROPRANOLOL is a
non- selective β adrenergic blocker;
80
What is the effect of PROPRANOLOL in CVS?
* Bradycardia * Reduces force of contraction * Reduces blood pressure
81
What is the effect of PROPRANOLOL in Respiratory system?
Bronchoconstriction
82
What is the effect of PROPRANOLOL in Metabolic system?
Hypoglycemia
83
What is the effect of PROPRANOLOL in CNS?
Anti-anxiety action
84
What is the effect of PROPRANOLOL in eye?
Decrease the rate of Aqueous humor production
85
What is the effect of PROPRANOLOL in Kidneys?
Decrease renin secretion
86
What are the adverse effects of PROPRANOLOL ?
- GI disturbances like nausea, vomiting * Heart failure * Heart block * Hypotension and severe bradycardia * Bronchospasm
87
What is the effect of PROPRANOLOL to diabetes patient?
Masking of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients
88
Does PROPRANOLOL produced hallucinations?
Vivid dreams night mare and hallucinations
89
What are the contra-indication of PROPRANOLOL?
* Bronchial asthma * Diabetes mellitus * Heart failure * Peripheral vascular disease
90
What are the Noncatecholmines?
Ephedrine, Phenylephrine, Amphetamine
91
What are the Catecholamines?
Adrenaline Noradrenaline Dopamine Isoprenaline Dobutamine
92
Catecholamines have a direct action:
on sympathetic effectors cells through interactions with receptor sites on the cell membrane.
93
What is the effects of Acetylcholine?
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Pharmacy (7 decks)

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