CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL DRUGS Flashcards
Hypertension may be classified into:
- Mild hypertension with a diastolic blood pressure between 95-105 mmHg
- Moderate hypertension with a diastolic blood pressure between 105 – 115mmHg
- Severe hypertension with a diastolic blood pressure above 115mmHg.
What are non-pharmacological approaches to hypertension therapy?
- Low sodium chloride diet
- Weight reduction
- Exercise
- Cessation of smoking
- Decrease in excessive consumption of alcohol
- Psychological methods (relaxation, meditation …etc)
- Dietary decrease in saturated fats.
only modest reductions (5 to 10 mmHg) in blood pressure can be achieved.
Anti - hypertensive drugs are classified according to
Diuretics
Sympathoplegic agents
Direct vasodilators
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics anti - hypertensive drugs includes?
Thiazides
Loop Diuretics
Potassium sparing diuretics,
How does thiazide diuretics work?
Reduce blood pressure by reducing blood volume and cardiac out put as a result of a pronounced increase in urinary water and electrolyte particularly sodium excretion.
What is chronic effect of thiazide diuretics?
With chronic administration (6-8weeks), they decrease blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance as the cardiac out put and blood volume return gradually to normal values.
What are the Thiazides and related drugs?
Hydrochlorthiazide bendrofluazide
Chlorthalidone
What are the name Loop diuretics drugs?
Furosemide
Bumetanide
Torsemide
How does loop diuretic work?
They work by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney, which leads to increased urine production and the removal of excess fluid from the body.
What are the side effect of loop diuretic?
Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalances
Decreased kidney function
What are Potassium sparing diuretics?
Spironolactone
Eplerenone
Amiloride
Triamterene
Potassium-sparing diuretics that are commonly used to treat
Edema and high blood pressure
Which medication is used as sodium channel blocker?
Triamterene
Amiloride
Which medication is used as aldosterone antagonist?
Spironolactone
Eplerenone
What are centrally acting antihypertensive agents?
Methyldopa, Clonidine
What are the side effects of methyldopa?
Sedation, vertigo, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
postural hypotension, impotence, haemolytic anemia, weight gain
Diuretics sympathoplegic agents further divided into
- Centrally acting antihypertensive agents
- Adrenoceptor antagonists
- Adrenergic neuron
- Drugs which deplete catecholamine stores
- Ganglion blockers
Which drug is for both alpha and beta blocker?
Labetalol
Name a beta blocker drug?
Propranolol
Name a alpha blocker drug?
Prazosin
Which medicine belong to adrenergic neuron-blocking drug?
Guanethidine
Which drugs deplete catecholamine storage?
Reserpine
Which diuretic drug work as ganglion blockers?
Trimethaphan
Hydralazine:
It dilates arterioles but not veins. It is used particularly in severe hypertension.
Sodium nitroprusside:
It is a powerful vasodilator that is used in treating hypertensive emergencies as well as severe cardiac failure.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are:
Captopril
Enalapril
Calcium channel blockers drugs are:
Nifedipine
Verapamil
Nicardipine
What are the drugs classifications that used for Hypertension?
- Thiazide diuretics
- Beta blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
- Central sympathoplegic agents
Which ethnicity react more to diuretics and calcium channel blockers?
Black patients
Heart failure is usually caused by one of the following:
Ischaemic heart disease,
Hypertension,
Heart muscle disorders, and
Valvular heart disease.
Drugs used to treat heart failure can be broadly divided into:
A. Drugs with positive inotropic effect.
B. Drugs without positive inotropic effect.
Drugs with positive inotropic includes:
- Cardiac glycosides
- Bipyridine derivatives
- Sympathomimetics
- Methylxanthines
Toxicity of cardiac glycosides include:
- Gastrointestinal effects such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
- Cardiac effects such as bradycardia, heart block, arrhythmias
- CNS effects such as headache, malaise, hallucinations,
Name Beta - adrenergic stimulants drugs
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Which drugs belong to Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors?
Captopril
Enalapril
Name vasodilator drugs:
Hydralazine
Sodium nitroprusside
Which drugs are used in angina pectoris?
Organic nitrates e.g. nitro-glycerine, isosorbide dinitrate
Beta adrenergic blocking agents e.g. propranolol, atenolol
Calcium channel blocking agents e.g. verapamil, nifedipine
Isosorbide dinitrate used to treat
Angina pectoris
Nitro-glycerine used to treat
Angina pectoris
What are adverse effects of calcium blocker?
Nausea/vomiting, headache, dizziness, constipation,
Acetylsalicylic acid is also known as
Aspirin
What is classification of antiarrhythmic drugs?
Class (I): Sodium channel blockers
Class (II): Beta adrenergic blockers
Class (III): Potassium channel blockers
Class (IV): Calcium channel blockers
Class (V): Digitalis
Sodium channel blockers which include:
Quinidine
Lidocaine
Phenytion
Beta adrenergic blockers drugs are
Propranolol
Atenolol
Potassium channel blockers drugs are
Amiodarone
Bretylium
Verapamil is
Calcium channel blockers
Digoxin is
Class 5 drug used as antiarrhythmic drugs
Quinidine is
Sodium channel blockers
Amiodarone is
Potassium channel blockers
Atenolol is
Beta adrenergic blocking agents
What is the Class – I drugs for cardiac arrhythmias?
Quinidine
What is the Class – II drugs for cardiac arrhythmias?
Propranolol
What is the Class – III drugs for cardiac arrhythmias?
AMIODARONE
Class – I drugs for cardiac arrhythmias is also called
Sodium channel blockers
Class – II drugs for cardiac arrhythmias is also called
Beta adrenergic blockers
Class – III drugs for cardiac arrhythmias is also called
Potassium channel blockers
What is the Class – IV drugs for cardiac arrhythmias?
Verapamil
What is the classification of diuretics?
I. Thiazides and related diuretics
II. Loop diuretics
III. Potassium sparing diuretics
IV. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
V. Osmotic diuretics
Name a the loop diuretics drugs?
Furosemide
Amiloride drug is a
Potassium sparing diuretics
Name osmotic diuretics drugs?
Mannitol
Glycerol
Which drug is used in shock?
Dopamine
What are the vasodilator drugs?
Nitropruside
Nnitroglycerine
Which medicine is used as vasoconstrictor in anaphylactic shock?
Levarterenol
Sympathomimetics drugs is also known as
Adrenergic agonists,
Albuterol is
A beta blocker
A bronchodilator used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
What are the common adverse effects of vasodilators?
Headaches
Dizziness
Nausea
Edema
Digitalis also known as
Digoxin
How digitalis and loop diuretics interact?
There is a potential interaction between digitalis and loop diuretics, as both medications can cause a loss of potassium in the body.
Low potassium levels can increase the risk of heart rhythm disturbances, which can be particularly dangerous in individuals taking digitalis. This is because digitalis can also affect the heart’s electrical conduction system, and low potassium levels can exacerbate these effects.
Which drug is used for cardiogenic shock?
Dopamine
What is Autacoids?
“Autacoids” is a collective term for various endogenous peptides, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines. These are sometimes also called local hormones.
