Analgesic Flashcards
What are Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen
How does Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work?
These drugs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that cause inflammation and pain.
Define Acetaminophen
This drug works by blocking the production of prostaglandins in the brain, but not in the rest of the body. It is commonly used to treat mild to moderate pain and fever.
What are Opioids medicines?
Morphine, Codeine, and Fentanyl.
Name Local anesthetics drugs.
Lidocaine and Bupivacaine.
What is adjuvant analgesics?
These drugs are not primarily used for pain relief, but they can enhance the effects of other analgesics. Examples of adjuvant analgesics include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids.
What is difference between NSAIDS and Acetaminophen?
NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are anti-inflammatory medications that block the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause inflammation and pain.
Acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) is a pain reliever that works by reducing fever and blocking pain signals in the brain. It does not have anti-inflammatory properties like NSAIDs, but it is generally considered safer for the stomach and has a lower risk of causing ulcers and bleeding.
How does OPIOIDS drugs work?
They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain.
What is Natural opioids?
These are opioids that are derived from the opium poppy plant, such as morphine, codeine, and thebaine.
What is Semi-synthetic opioids?
These are opioids that are synthesized from natural opioids, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone.
What is Synthetic opioids?
These are opioids that are completely synthesized in the laboratory, such as fentanyl, methadone, and tramadol.
What is Full agonist opioids?
These are opioids that bind to opioid receptors and produce a full analgesic effect, such as morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl.
Name Full agonist opioids drugs?
Morphine, Oxycodone, and Fentanyl.
Name partial agonist opioids drugs?
Buprenorphine and Butorphanol.
What are Opioid antagonists drugs?
Naloxone and Naltrexone.
What are common side effects of opioids drugs?
Respiratory depression, Sedation, Addiction
What are different types of NSAIDS drug?
Salicylates, Propionic acid derivatives, Acetic acid derivatives, Selective COX-2 inhibitors
What are common side effects of NSAIDS?
Gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney damage, and an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
What are Selective COX-2 inhibitors drugs?
Celecoxib, Etoricoxib, Rofecoxib
Which conditions Selective COX-2 inhibitors drugs used for?
Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, and Acute pain
Name acetic acid derivatives NSAIDS drugs?
Indomethacin and Ketorolac
What are different types of NSAIDS?
Salicylates, Propionic acid derivatives, Acetic acid derivatives, Selective COX-2 inhibitors
What is antipyretic mean?
Fever reducer
Salicylates use for?
Pain, Fever, Arthritis, and Menstrual cramps.
Which drug cause euphoric effects?
Opioids
What is combination opioids?
These are opioids that are combined with other drugs, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to enhance their analgesic effects, such as Percocet (oxycodone/acetaminophen) and Vicoprofen (hydrocodone/ibuprofen).
Name few combination opioids
hydrocodone/ibuprofen, oxycodone/acetaminophen
What are the side effects of opioids drugs?
Respiratory depression, Constipation, Dizziness, and Nausea.
What is Topical analgesics?
These are medications that are applied directly to the skin to relieve pain in a specific area
Name Topical analgesics drugs?
Lidocaine, Benzocaine, and Pramoxine.
How many local anesthetics types are?
A. Esters: Examples include cocaine and procaine.
B. Amides: Examples include lidocaine and bupivacaine
What is Counterirritants drugs?
These are Topical analgesics. Examples: Menthol, Camphor, and Methyl salicylate.
What is Peripheral nerve blocks?
Type of local anesthetics technique that involves injecting a local anesthetic into or around a nerve to block the transmission of pain signals.
Morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl are classified as?
Opioid analgesics
Aspirin, Ibuprofen, and Naproxen are classified as?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
What is difference between opioids and narcotics?
Opioids are a class of drugs that include natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic substances that bind to opioid receptors in the brain and other parts of the body to reduce pain and produce other effects.
Narcotics, on the other hand, are a broader category of drugs that include opioids as well as other drugs that can cause sedation or induce sleep. Narcotics can include opioids as well as non-opioid drugs such as benzodiazepines
Which drugs are addictive pain killers?
Opioids and Narcotics drugs
Define mode of action of NSAIDS drugs?
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that are involved in the body’s inflammatory response. Prostaglandins are produced by an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), and NSAIDs work by blocking the activity of this enzyme.
How many types of COX enzymes in the body?
There are two forms of COX enzymes in the body, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is involved in the production of prostaglandins that help protect the stomach lining, maintain kidney function, and regulate blood clotting. COX-2, on the other hand, is mainly involved in the production of prostaglandins that cause inflammation, pain, and fever.
What are two NSAIDS categories/classification?
- Non-selective NSAIDs - These drugs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.
- Selective NSAIDs - These drugs selectively inhibit COX-2 enzymes, while having little or no effect on COX-1 enzymes.
What are COX 2 inhibitor drugs?
celecoxib and etoricoxib.
Which NSAIDS can be used without the risk of stomach ulceration?
Selective NSAIDs (celecoxib and etoricoxib)
What is Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs mode of action?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by blocking the action of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), which is responsible for producing prostaglandins, a group of chemicals that cause pain, inflammation, and fever in the body.
How many types of COX enzymes are available?
COX-1 and COX-2
What is the COX enzyme?
COX stands for cyclooxygenase, which is an enzyme that plays a key role in the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that are involved in many physiological processes in the body, including inflammation, pain, and fever.
What is the function of COX 1 enzyme?
COX-1 is found in most tissues and helps maintain normal physiological functions, such as protecting the lining of the stomach and intestines, regulating blood flow to the kidneys, and promoting blood clotting.
Why Selective NSAIDS targets to COX 2 enzyme?
COX-2 is produced primarily at sites of inflammation and is responsible for the production of prostaglandins that cause pain and inflammation.
Can NSAIDs work as topical analgesics?
Some NSAIDs, such as diclofenac and ibuprofen, can be formulated into topical preparations that can be applied directly to the skin. These products work by reducing inflammation and can help relieve pain.
Define pharmacogenesis of NSAIDs.
NSAIDs enter the bloodstream after oral ingestion, absorption through the skin, or injection.
Once in the bloodstream, NSAIDs are carried to the site of inflammation, where they enter the cells.
NSAIDs bind to the active site of COX enzymes, blocking their activity.
This inhibits the production of prostaglandins, which reduces pain, inflammation, and fever.
NSAIDs are metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine.
Local anesthetic which may cause cyanosis secondary to reduced oxygen transport
Prilocaine
Factors which influence lidocaine metabolism:
Hepatic disease
Amide-type local anesthetics?
lidocaine, ropivacaine, dibucaine, mepivacaine
ACE Stands for
angiotensin converting enzyme
What is Pharmacodynamics?
The study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs (i.e,
“what the drug does to the body”).
What is Pharmacokinetics?
Study of the absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion
(ADME) of drugs (“i.e what the body does to the drug”).
What are the parenteral route of drug administration?
Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular.
What is Intrathecal route of drug administration?
Injected into subarachnoid space of spinal cord e.g. spinal anesthetics.
What is Intrathecal route of drug administration?
Injected directly into a joint e.g. hydrocortisone.
What is the effect COX-2-selective drugs in stomach?
have reduced gastric toxicity, but increase cardiovascular thrombotic events.
Indometacin (Use + Treatment)
is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever.
Treat rheumatoid arthritis and associated disorders, ankylosing spondylitis and acute gout.
What is Hematopoiesis?
The production of circulating erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes from
undifferentiated stem cells.
